scholarly journals Mobility up the sanitation ladder following community-led total sanitation in rural Zambia

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Russpatrick ◽  
Amy Tiwari ◽  
Laurie Markle ◽  
Engervell Musonda ◽  
Anne Mutunda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Village Level ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Sanitation Ladder ◽  
Rural Zambia

Scaling the sanitation ladder decreases exposure to various illnesses including diarrheal disease, soil-transmitted helminths and trachoma. In rural Zambia, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) has been deployed to help Zambians scale the sanitation ladder. Analysis of monthly routine surveillance data of village-level sanitation coverage of 13,688 villages shows that villages moved up the sanitation ladder following CLTS intervention with more than one third of villages achieving 100% coverage of adequate sanitation. Villages also moved down the sanitation ladder – approximately half of those achieving 100% coverage of adequate sanitation also dropped from that coverage at some point during monitoring. Larger villages were less likely to achieve 100% coverage, and more likely to drop if they did achieve 100% coverage. Drops were more likely to occur during the wet season. Of those villages dropping from 100% coverage, more than half rebounded to 100% coverage. The adequate latrine components most likely to drop off from 100% coverage were handwashing stations and lids to cover holes, both key components in preventing disease transmission. These results have implications for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming – sustained support may be required to ensure villages move up the sanitation ladder and stay there.

ZAP: The role of routine surveillance data in understanding the geography and timing of Salmonella on UK pig farms.

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Clough ◽  
Jean Sanderson ◽  
Patrick Brown ◽  
Alexander Miller ◽  
Alasdair J. C. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Pig Farms

scholarly journals Impact of Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene on Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease and Associated Factors among Under-Five Children: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Selected Woredas of Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Agune Ashole Alto ◽  
Wanzahun Godana ◽  
Genet Gedamu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gamo Gofa

Background. Diarrheal diseases are still one of the major causes of morbidity in under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, diarrhea is responsible for 9% of all deaths and is the major cause of under-five mortality. Objective. To assess the impact of community-led total sanitation and hygiene on the prevalence of diarrheal disease and factors associated among under-five children in Gamo Gofa Zone. Methods. Community-based comparative cross-sectional study design was used to compare the impact of community-led total sanitation and hygiene intervention on under-five diarrheal disease. Multistage sampling method was employed. The data were collected by using pretested structured questionnaires. Data quality was ensured by daily supervision completeness and consistency. The data were coded, entered, and cleaned by using Epi Info version 7 and were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were carried out by using binary logistic regression. Significance was declared by using p value of <0.05 and AOR with 95% confidence intervals. Results. The response rate of this study was 93.3%. The overall diarrhea prevalence was 27.5% (CI = (24.06, 30.97)) which was 18.9% (CI = (14.94, 23.2)) in implemented and 36.2%. (CI = (30.41, 41.59)) in nonimplemented woredas. Children whose age was between 12 and 23 months (AOR = 1.6) and greater than 24 months (AOR = 5), availability of handwashing facilities (AOR = 4), disposal of waste in open field (AOR = 9.7), unimproved source of drinking water (AOR = 6.5), using only water for handwashing (AOR = 6), children who started complementary feeding less than 6 months (AOR = 5.6) and greater than 6 months (AOR = 5.2), and utensils used to feed children such as bottle (AOR = 3.9) were the factors positively associated with diarrhea. Conclusion. The overall prevalence of under-five diarrhea was 27.5%. The prevalence was low in CLTSH woredas as compared with non-CLTSH woredas. The study showed that handwashing facility, using only water for handwashing, open refuse disposal, and unimproved source of drinking water among under-five had a statistically significant association with diarrhea occurrence in CLTSH nonimplemented areas. Integrated efforts are needed from the Ministry of Health together with the WASH Project in improving drinking water, handwashing facilities, and solid waste disposal practices.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Soil-transmitted Helminths from Selected Dumpsites and Farmlands in Calabar, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Edema Enogiomwan Imalele ◽  
Effanga Emmanuel Offiong ◽  
Usang Anok Ukam ◽  
Aramushu Willington Urimaneh ◽  
Henshaw Victoria Utibe
Keyword(s):  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Farmland Soils

Aims: The present study investigated the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth contamination in dumpsite and farmland soils in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Methodology: Soil samples were randomly collected from selected dumpsites and farmlands from July to December 2019. 200 soil samples (100 samples each from dumpsites and farmland) were collected. Soil samples were analysed using Zinc sulphate flotation technique whereas soil nematode extraction for hookworm and Strongyloides larvae was carried out using the modified Baermann technique. Results: Of the 200 soil samples examined, 131 (65.5%) were positive for ova/larvae of one or more parasites. Dumpsite soils were highly contaminated with ova/larvae of soil-transmitted helminths than farmland soils with a prevalence of 79% (n=79) and 52% (n=52) respectively (P=.02). Farmlands had the highest mean intensity (6.75±1.88) of contamination with ova/larvae of soil-transmitted helminths compared to dumpsite soils (1.68±0.14). Ascaris lumbricoides recorded the highest occurrence (35.5%) (P=.003) in soil samples examined. A. lumbricoides (40%) and Trichuris trichiura (6%) contamination was higher in dumpsite soils, while Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (34%) and hookworm (10%) contamination was higher in farmland soils. Dumpsite soils recorded the highest number of parasites (84%) in the wet season, while farmland soils recorded the highest number of parasites (92%) in the dry season (P=.11). Generally, parasitic ova/larvae were more prevalent in the dry season (91%) than in the wet season (73%) (P=.33). S. stercoralis (33%) was more prevalent in the wet season followed while A. lumbricoides (43%) recorded highest occurrence in the dry season. Conclusion: This study revealed the potential health risk of contracting soil-transmitted helminth parasites in soils around farmlands and dumpsites in Calabar, Nigeria. It is therefore important that a combination of sanitation and health education be put in place for effective control of soil-transmitted helminths.

scholarly journals Major Stressors Favoring Cholera Trigger and Dissemination in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11296
Author(s):  
Ana Machado ◽  
Eva Amorim ◽  
Adriano A. Bordalo
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Key Indicators

Cholera remains a heavy burden worldwide, especially in Sub-Saharan African countries, which account for the majority of the reported cases on the continent. In this study, a 27-year retrospective analysis of cholera epidemics in Guinea-Bissau was performed in order to highlight major stressors fueling the trigger and dissemination of the disease. Although the role of environmental factors did not always have the same degree of importance for the onset of epidemics, a cholera seasonal pattern was clearly perceived, with most of the reported cases occurring during the wet season. The generated theoretical hypothesis indicated rainfall above climatological average, associated with a lack of WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure, and the occurrence of concomitant epidemics in neighboring countries as the key indicators for optimal conditions for cholera to thrive in Guinea-Bissau. Warmer air temperature, the increase in sea surface temperature, and the decrease in salinity in the coastal areas may also contribute to the emergence and/or aggravation of cholera events. Prediction of the conditions favorable for cholera growth and identification of risk pathways will allow the timely allocation of resources, and support the development of alert tools and mitigation strategies.

Catch Composition of Dipteran flies in Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
A.O. Omonona ◽  
S.A. Abioye ◽  
P.O. Odeniran ◽  
I.O. Ademola
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
National Park ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Integrated Methods ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Catch Composition

Dipteran flies play significant role in disease transmission to human, domestic and wild animals. The distribution and diversity of dipteran flies of medical and veterinary importance in Old Oyo national park and its significant importance were assessed in relation to altitude and ecology. Twelve Nzi traps were set at 50 m equidistance to capture dipteran flies between February and August 2019. A total of 1529 dipteran flies belonging to five families were captured. More dipteran flies (64.9%) were trapped during the dry season than wet season (35.1%) (X2 = 270.8; P < 0.0001; OR = 3.41). Of the total flies caught, 289 representing 18.9% were identified as haematophagus flies. Differences in the total haematophagus fly 2 abundance was not significant across the altitudinal levels (X2 = 0.432; P = 0.511; OR = 1.13). The relative apparent density (RAD) of 0.47, 0.22, 0.13, 0.09, 0.07 and 0.03 (flies/trap/day) was observed in Glossina, Hippobosca, Tabanus, Haematopota, Chrysops, Ancala and, respectively. The diversity index of 0.55 and 0.76 were determined for Glossina spp. and Tabanids respectively. The non-blood sucking flies in order of abundance are Musca domestica (43.6%), Fanniacanicularis (41.9%), Chrysomyia bezziana (8.9%), Lucilia sericata (5.6%). If the value-chain of ecotourism is to be promoted in the park, vector-borne arthropods need to be controlled through the use of integrated methods. Keywords: Ecological survey, haematophagus flies, Old Oyo national Park, RAD

scholarly journals Alpha-galactosylceramide enhances mucosal immunity to oral whole-cell cholera vaccines

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. H. Davitt ◽  
Stephanie Longet ◽  
Aqel Albutti ◽  
Vincenzo Aversa ◽  
Stefan Nordqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Intestinal Bacterium ◽  
Cholera Toxin B Subunit ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Integrated Delivery ◽  
Delivery Platform ◽  
Cholera Vaccines

AbstractCholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) that results in 3–4 million cases globally with 100,000–150,000 deaths reported annually. Mostly confined to developing nations, current strategies to control the spread of cholera include the provision of safe drinking water and improved sanitation and hygiene, ideally in conjunction with oral vaccination. However, difficulties associated with the costs and logistics of these strategies have hampered their widespread implementation. Specific challenges pertaining to oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) include a lack of safe and effective adjuvants to further enhance gut immune responses, the complex and costly multicomponent vaccine manufacturing, limitations of conventional liquid formulation and the lack of an integrated delivery platform. Herein we describe the use of the orally active adjuvant α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to strongly enhance intestinal bacterium- and toxin-specific IgA responses to the OCV, Dukoral® in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. We further demonstrate the mucosal immunogenicity of a novel multi-antigen, single-component whole-cell killed V. cholerae strain and the enhancement of its immunogenicity by adding α-GalCer. Finally, we report that combining these components and recombinant cholera toxin B subunit in the SmPill® minisphere delivery system induced strong intestinal and systemic antigen-specific antibody responses.

scholarly journals Safe Water Community Project in Jalisco, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (Suppl. 3) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Macedo ◽  
Michael V. Rocco ◽  
Ravindra Mehta ◽  
Guillermo Garcia-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Community Project ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Unsafe Water

Few studies have assessed kidney function in patients with gastrointestinal infections in low-resource settings. Although dehydration is a frequent complication of acute diarrhea, we do not know the frequency and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) in this context. A high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been reported among the inhabitants of poor communities in Poncitlan, Mexico. Polluted drinking water has been implicated as a probable cause. These communities report a high mortality associated with gastrointestinal infection. It is possible that a high incidence of waterborne disease and consequent more episodes of AKI might contribute to the high prevalence of CKD in this population. In this study, we aim to determine the association between the use of unsafe water and the incidence of acute diarrhea and AKI, and to determine if the provision of clean water decreases these complications. The study will be conducted in 3 communities of the municipality of Poncitlan. Initially, we will determine the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) characteristics in the population and evaluate the incidence of diarrheal disease. In the observation phase, outcomes will be assessed after families receive training in WASH techniques, but before they are provided with clean water. In the intervention phase, outcomes will be assessed after clean water is provided.

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