Assessment of the quality, effectiveness, and acceptability of ceramic water filters in Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansley Lemons ◽  
Ariel Branz ◽  
Mesiaki Kimirei ◽  
Tracy Hawkins ◽  
Daniele Lantagne
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Household Water

Globally, approximately two billion people drink contaminated water. Use of household water treatment (HWT) methods, such as locally manufactured ceramic filters, reduces the diarrheal disease burden associated with unclean water. We evaluated the quality, effectiveness, and acceptability of ceramic filters in two communities in Arusha, Tanzania, by conducting: 1) baseline household surveys with 50 families; 2) filter flow rate testing; 3) filter distribution with training sessions; 4) follow-up surveys at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after distribution; and 5) project end focus group discussions. We tested Escherichia coli (E. coli) and turbidity at baseline and the first two follow-ups. We found: 1) filter quality was low, as only 46% of filters met recommended flow rate guidelines and 18% of filters broke during the 6-week study; 2) filter effectiveness was moderate, with 8% and 35% of filters effectively reducing E. coli to <1 CFU/100 mL and <10 CFU/100 mL, respectively, at follow-ups; and, 3) filter acceptability was high, with 94% overall satisfaction and 96–100% reported use in the previous day. These results highlight the importance of mixed methods research as HWT product quality, effectiveness, and acceptability all impact product efficacy, and the need for quality assurance/quality control and certification schemes for locally manufactured HWT products.

scholarly journals Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment: updated recommendations

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Wilhelm ◽  
Anya Kaufmann ◽  
Elizabeth Blanton ◽  
Daniele Lantagne
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Household water treatment with chlorine can improve the microbiological quality of household water and reduce diarrheal disease. We conducted laboratory and field studies to inform chlorine dosage recommendations. In the laboratory, reactors of varying turbidity (10–300 NTU) and total organic carbon (0–25 mg/L addition) were created, spiked with Escherichia coli, and dosed with 3.75 mg/L sodium hypochlorite. All reactors had >4 log reduction of E. coli 24 hours after chlorine addition. In the field, we tested 158 sources in 22 countries for chlorine demand. A 1.88 mg/L dosage for water from improved sources of <5 or <10 NTU turbidity met free chlorine residual criteria (≤2.0 mg/L at 1 hour, ≥0.2 mg/L at 24 hours) 91–94% and 82–87% of the time at 8 and 24 hours, respectively. In unimproved water source samples, a 3.75 mg/L dosage met relaxed criteria (≤4.0 mg/L at 1 hour, ≥0.2 mg/L after 24 hours) 83% and 65% of the time after 8 and 24 hours, respectively. We recommend water from improved/low turbidity sources be dosed at 1.88 mg/L and used within 24 hours, and from unimproved/higher turbidity sources be dosed at 3.75 mg/L and consumed within 8 hours. Further research on field effectiveness of chlorination is recommended.

Evaluation of household drinking water filter distribution programs in Haiti

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Rayner ◽  
Anna Murray ◽  
Myriam Joseph ◽  
Ariel Branz ◽  
Daniele Lantagne
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Effective Use

Household water treatment (HWT) can reduce the diarrheal disease burden in populations without access to safe water. We evaluated five programs that distributed biosand, ceramic, or Sawyer filters in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake and cholera outbreak. We conducted household surveys and tested Escherichia coli and turbidity in stored household untreated and treated water in ∼50 randomly selected households from each program. Across programs, self-reported filter use ranged from 27 to 78%; confirmed use (participants with reported use who also showed the filter with water currently in it) ranged from 20 to 76%; and effective use (participants who used the filter to improve water quality to international guideline values) ranged from 0 to 54%. Overall, programs that more successfully met evaluation metrics: (1) distributed an effective technology; (2) provided safe storage; (3) required cash investment; (4) provided initial training; (5) provided follow-up; (6) provided supply-chain access; (7) targeted households relying on contaminated water sources; and, (8) had experience working in the local context. These findings, similar to results of previous research on HWT, suggest that well-implemented programs have the potential to result in sustained household filter use in Haiti.

Microbiological quality of chlorinated water after storage in ceramic pots

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clair Null ◽  
Daniele Lantagne
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Health Organization

Household water treatment with sodium hypochlorite has been shown to reduce self-reported diarrheal disease in developing countries. Reported hypochlorite use, time since treatment, total chlorine residual (TCR), and E. coli concentration results from 589 household surveys in rural Kenya were analyzed to quantify the effect of exceeding recommended 24 hour post-treatment water storage time in ceramic pots. Exceeding storage time recommendations impacted treatment efficacy, as 87% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing their water ≤ 24 hours met World Health Organization (WHO) E. coli guideline values, compared to 77% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing water >24 hours (p = 0.024) and 7% of reported non-treaters. Implementing organizations face the trade-off between promoting treating water every 24 hours and accepting slightly compromised efficacy.

Microbial and chemical assessment of ceramic and BioSand water filters in rural Cambodia

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Murphy ◽  
M. Sampson ◽  
K. Farahbakhsh ◽  
E. McBean
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Biosand Filters ◽  
Water Filters

Unless significant advances are made in the water and sanitation sector, it is unlikely that Cambodia will meet the United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target #7 for water and sanitation. Point-of-use technologies (POU), also termed “household water treatment technologies”, have been identified as successful options for providing safe water to rural households. Ceramic water filters and BioSand filters are two major POU technologies that are currently implemented across Cambodia. This paper presents data on the microbial performance of these two technologies in the field on various Cambodian source waters. In addition, data are presented on the occurrence of nitrite in treated water. Results showed that 61% and 88% of BioSand filters and ceramic filters, respectively, produced water in the low risk range for E. coli as defined by the WHO (0–10 CFU/100 mL). In addition, 83% of BioSand filters and 75% of ceramic filters were not meeting the WHO guideline value for chronic exposure to nitrite in drinking water (0.2 mg/L).

scholarly journals Development of Ceramic Filters for Household Water Treatment in Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebele Erhuanga ◽  
Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽  
Tolulope Lawrence Akinbogun
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
Household Water

scholarly journals A rapid assessment of drinking water quality in informal settlements after a cholera outbreak in Nairobi, Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Blanton ◽  
Natalie Wilhelm ◽  
Ciara O'Reilly ◽  
Everline Muhonja ◽  
Solomon Karoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure

Populations living in informal settlements with inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure are at risk of epidemic disease. In 2010, we conducted 398 household surveys in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya with isolated cholera cases. We tested source and household water for free chlorine residual (FCR) and Escherichia coli in approximately 200 households. International guidelines are ≥0.5 mg/L FCR at source, ≥0.2 mg/L at household, and <1 E. coli/100 mL. In these two settlements, 82% and 38% of water sources met FCR guidelines; and 7% and 8% were contaminated with E. coli, respectively. In household stored water, 82% and 35% met FCR guidelines and 11% and 32% were contaminated with E. coli, respectively. Source water FCR ≥0.5 mg/L (p = 0.003) and reported purchase of a household water treatment product (p = 0.002) were associated with increases in likelihood that household stored water had ≥0.2 mg/L FCR, which was associated with a lower likelihood of E. coli contamination (p < 0.001). These results challenge the assumption that water quality in informal settlements is universally poor and the route of disease transmission, and highlight that providing centralized water with ≥0.5 mg/L FCR or (if not feasible) household water treatment technologies reduces the risk of waterborne cholera transmission in informal settlements.

scholarly journals Chitosan Coagulation Pretreatment to Enhance Ceramic Water Filtration for Household Water Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9736
Author(s):  
Collin Knox Coleman ◽  
Eric Mai ◽  
Megan Miller ◽  
Shalini Sharma ◽  
Clark Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Household Water

Viruses are major contributors to the annual 1.3 million deaths associated with the global burden of diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality. While household-level water treatment technologies reduce diarrheal illness, the majority of filtration technologies are ineffective in removing viruses due to their small size relative to filter pore size. In order to meet the WHO health-based tolerable risk target of 10−6 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year, a drinking water filter must achieve a 5 Log10 virus reduction. Ceramic pot water filters manufactured in developing countries typically achieve less than 1 Log10 virus reductions. In order to overcome the shortfall in virus removal efficiency in household water treatment filtration, we (1) evaluated the capacity of chitosan acetate and chitosan lactate, as a cationic coagulant pretreatment combined with ceramic water filtration to remove lab cultured and sewage derived viruses and bacteria in drinking waters, (2) optimized treatment conditions in waters of varying quality and (3) evaluated long-term continuous treatment over a 10-week experiment in surface waters. For each test condition, bacteria and virus concentrations were enumerated by culture methods for influent, controls, and treated effluent after chitosan pretreatment and ceramic water filtration. A > 5 Log10 reduction was achieved in treated effluent for E.coli, C. perfringens, sewage derived E. coli and total coliforms, MS2 coliphage, Qβ coliphage, ΦX174 coliphage, and sewage derived F+ and somatic coliphages.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and antiviral effectiveness of two household water treatment devices that use monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 950-960
Author(s):  
Kyle S. Enger ◽  
Emaly S. Leak ◽  
Tiong Gim Aw ◽  
Angela D. Coulliette ◽  
Joan B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Bacteriophage Ms2 ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Antimicrobial Effectiveness

Many different household water treatment (HWT) methods have been researched and promoted to mitigate the serious burden of diarrheal disease in developing countries. However, HWT methods using bromine have not been extensively evaluated. Two gravity-fed HWT devices (AquaSure™ and Waterbird™) were used to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of HaloPure® Br beads (monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene) that deliver bromine. As water flows over the beads, reactive bromine species are eluted, which inactivate microorganisms. To assess log10 reduction values (LRVs) for Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, bacteriophage MS2, human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2), and murine norovirus (MN), these organisms were added to potable water and sewage-contaminated water. These organisms were quantified before and after water treatment by the HWT devices. On average, 6 LRVs against Vibrio were attained, as well as 5 LRVs against Salmonella, 4 LRVs against MS2, 5 LRVs against HAdV2, and 3 LRVs against MN. Disinfection was similar regardless of whether sewage was present. Polymer beads delivering bromine to drinking water are a potentially effective and useful component of HWT methods in developing countries.

scholarly journals Residual Maintenance Using Sodium Hypochlorite, Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate, and Chlorine Dioxide in Laboratory Waters of Varying Turbidity

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Gallandat ◽  
David Stack ◽  
Gabrielle String ◽  
Daniele Lantagne
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) are commonly used for household water treatment (HWT); chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a potential new HWT option. We compared the residual maintenance of NaOCl, NaDCC, and ClO2 over 24 hours using recommended dosages (2 and 4 mg/L) in waters of varying turbidity (0–300 NTU, from kaolin clay or creek-bottom sediments) and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations (0–100 mg/L), for a total of 324 reactors. NaOCl and NaDCC had similar free chlorine decay rates, and ClO2 decayed more rapidly across all of the tested conditions. Little variability was observed across clay-based turbidity levels and TOC concentrations. With a dosage of 2 mg/L, a residual ≥0.2 mg/L was maintained at 30 NTU for NaOCl and 100 NTU for NaDCC; for ClO2, 4 mg/L were required to maintain ≥0.2 mg/L under all conditions except at zero turbidity. Comparisons with data from the literature suggest that the three compounds would inactivate E. coli, rotavirus, and Giardia cysts within 1 hour under all conditions, except 300 NTU for NaOCl and NaDCC. All three disinfectants are similarly efficacious for this usage; however, differences are seen in decay rates that may influence disinfectant selection depending on water storage time.

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