Willingness to pay for VIP latrines in rural Senegal

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph P. Hall ◽  
Eric A. Vance ◽  
Emily Van Houweling ◽  
Wandi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

In 2015, African ministers established the Ngor Declaration to achieve universal access to adequate sanitation and hygiene services and eliminate open defecation by 2030. Realizing this target will require significant public and private investment. Over the last two decades, there has been increasing recognition that sanitation programs should be demand driven, yet limited information exists about how much rural residents in developing countries are willing to pay for sanitation improvements. This paper applies the contingent valuation approach to evaluate how much households in rural Senegal are willing to pay for a ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine. The analysis uses data from 1,635 household surveys that were conducted in 47 rural communities across four regions in Senegal. The willingness to pay model found that respondents were more willing to pay for a VIP latrine if they had plans to improve their existing latrine, lived in districts located nearer to the capital city of Dakar, were dissatisfied with their existing sanitation service, and were male. The analysis also indicates that the current household contribution of 5% of the costs of constructing a VIP latrine could be increased to 30% with only a modest decline in the number of households willing to pay this amount.

scholarly journals SEHATI PROGRAMME: Building the capacity of local government to implement, sustain and scale up STBM and sanitation marketing in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Angelina Yusridar ◽  
Susanne Shatanawi ◽  
Catur Adi Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Village Level ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Marketing ◽  
District Government

Despite the Ministry of Health’s National Sanitation Strategy (STBM) initiated in 2008 to reduce the spread of diarrheal diseases, Indonesia still suffers from open defecation, as the dominant part of the rural population does not have access to improved sanitation services with only 57%  As a consequence of  too much focus on meeting the MDG sanitation targets, most government programmes tend to concentrate on construction of new infrastructure (STBM pillar 1: stop open defecation). In addition to this, more priority seems to have been given to the quantity of  facilities rather than their quality in the long run. The result is infrastructure that deteriorates to a level that can no longer provide access to safe sanitation facilities to those who are normally using the facilities.  Therefore, in 2016, Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene Programme for Eastern Indonesia (SEHATI) was designed, in a consortium reuniting Simavi and 5 local partners.  The overall goal of SEHATI is to achieve district wide – access to, and utilisation of, sustainable and improved sanitation and hygiene facilities, and to contribute towards the government’s target of providing universal access to WASH for all by 2019. SEHATI aims to strengthen the capacity of the local authorities at district, sub-district and village level to implement a sustainable STBM 5 pillars in the community in order to achieve the national goal of universal access in2019. The programme supports the central and local governments on sustaining and scaling up STBM 5 pillars by creating an enabling environment. SEHATI works with national and local authorities as well as private sectors in 7 districts in Eastern Indonesia. To achieve the goal, Simavi works together with 5 local NGOs to implement the programme. The local partners are the catalyst for change by building the capacities and systems of the district government responsible for STBM implementation. District governments are equipped to take the lead in planning, budgeting and monitoring STBM interventions. Subsequently, the district team increases the capability of sub-district government and Primary Health Care to plan, budget, promote and monitor STBM 5 pillars at village level. After that, the district and sub-district team assist the village government in planning, budgeting and implementing STBM 5 pillars in the communities. When the capacities are enhanced, local actors are more likely to replicate and scale up the STBM throughout the districts.  Seven intervened districts are able to issue STBM 5 pillars related regulation to ensure that the programme is implemented properly in their area. District governments have capacity to oversee the plan and budget for STBM during planning processes. In addition, STBM team has been established at district, sub-district and village level to execute the programme thoroughly. As a result, at the end of 2017, more than 500.000 people at intervened villages have knowledge on STBM 5 pillars13 out of 210 intervened villages have been declared 100% STBM.  Although SEHATI works at government level to sustain the implementation of 5 pillars of STBM, measuring the impact of this programme may take several years. Staff rotation and political issues at district and village level often hamper the process of the programme. Similarly, government bodies have their own priorities programme so to some extent STBM has lack of attention. Therefore, to realize the ambitious goal of achieving universal access in 2019, it is necessary advocate for STBM 5 pillars practises at national (POKJA AMPL) and district level (i.e. head of districts). SEHATI PROGRAMME: Building the capacity of local government to implement, sustain and scale up STBM and sanitation marketing in Indonesia

Trade Creation or Trade Diversion in ASEAN and ASEAN+6 FTAs: Trade Indicators Approach

2015 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Anh Tu Thuy ◽  
Ngoc Le Minh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

This paper makes use of two trade indicators, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Regional Orientation (RO), to evaluate the economic impacts of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (The) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on Vietnamese commodities at the Harmonized System (HS) 2-digit level. Several sectors in which Vietnam has revealed a comparative advantage, has benefited from the AFTA, and would continue to enjoy trade creation from the RCEP, are: Cereals (10), Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement (25), Rubber (40), Knitted or crocheted fabric (60), etc. More importantly, the result provides a list of commodities in which Vietnam has a comparative advantage and only experiences trade creation when participating in the RCEP. These are: Milling products, malt, starches, inulin, wheat gluten (11), Vegetable plaiting materials, vegetable products not elsewhere specified (14), Wood and articles of wood, wood charcoal (44), etc. Findings also show commodities in which Vietnam has a comparative advantage; but are not well positioned in the RCEP market yet, e.g. Cereal, flour, starch, milk preparations and products (19) and Manmade staple fibres (55). If sufficient investment decisions and marketing strategies are applied to these commodities, they will well penetrate the RCEP market and bring trade creation and welfare improvement to Vietnam. Public and private investment should consider the above-mentioned commodities as targets to leapfrog the benefits of RCEP.

scholarly journals Survival of people living with AIDS with or without tuberculosis in Sao Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M V Tancredi ◽  
S Sakabe ◽  
C S B Domingues ◽  
G F M Pereira² ◽  
E A Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Capital City ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Aids Diagnosis

Abstract Background To estimate median survival time of AIDS patients, with and without tuberculosis (TB), in a cohort in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and to investigate survival predictors. Methods Retrospective cohort study of AIDS patients above 12 years old, registered at the Ministry of Health AIDS surveillance system between 2003-2007, and followed until 2014. Survival analysis used the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios (HR), with respective 95% confidence intervals (CI = 95%). Results 35,515 patients were included, being 4,581 (12.9%) co-infected with TB. Among the latter, probability of survival 12 years after AIDS diagnosis was 95.2%, 82.9%, and 21.9%, respectively for patients receiving at least one third line ARV (HAART2), receiving triple therapy (HAART1) and the last one not on ARV. In the same period, the probability of survival for patients without TB, in the same order as for the therapeutic regimens, was 95.2%, 90.5%, and 40.9%, respectively. The main factors associated with survival, adjusted for the year of diagnosis, were: Living in the city of Sao Paulo (HR = 1,16;IC95% 1,01-1,32), living away from the capital city (HR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.25-1.62); or on the coast (HR = 1.49; 95%CI 1.21-1.82); having TB (HR = 1.70; 95%CI 1.49-1.87); above 49 years old (HR = 1.35; 95%CI 1.18-1.54); black (HR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.12-1.45); IV drug use (HR = 1.73; 95%CI 1.49-2.02); CD4+ below 200 cell/mm³ at AIDS diagnosis (HR = 2.31; 95%CI 1.97-2.72); viral load above 500 copies at AIDS diagnosis (HR = 1.99; 95%CI 1.72-2.30); HAART1 scheme (HR = 1.94; 95%CI 1.47-2.55); no ARV (HR = 8.22; 95%CI 2.95-22.87). Conclusions A large proportion of patients did not receive ARVs or were late diagnosed with AIDS, especially those with TB, whose survival was shorter. Survival is heterogeneous in the state, being lower in regions with higher TB rates. The results point to the need for specific strategies for patients with TB-HIV co-infection. Key messages Tuberculosis is the main cause of death among HIV-infected people, being responsible for one third of deaths in this group and causing a great impact on the survival of this population. The Brazilian policy of universal access to ARV and treatment for TB has increased the survival of AIDS-TB from 22% to 95% and in patients without TB from 50% to 95% up to 12 years after diagnosis.

scholarly journals The how tough is WASH framework for assessing the climate resilience of water and sanitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Howard ◽  
Anisha Nijhawan ◽  
Adrian Flint ◽  
Manish Baidya ◽  
Maria Pregnolato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Measurement Framework ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractClimate change presents a major threat to water and sanitation services. There is an urgent need to understand and improve resilience, particularly in rural communities and small towns in low- and middle-income countries that already struggle to provide universal access to services and face increasing threats from climate change. To date, there is a lack of a simple framework to assess the resilience of water and sanitation services which hinders the development of strategies to improve services. An interdisciplinary team of engineers and environmental and social scientists were brought together to investigate the development of a resilience measurement framework for use in low- and middle-income countries. Six domains of interest were identified based on a literature review, expert opinion, and limited field assessments in two countries. A scoring system using a Likert scale is proposed to assess the resilience of services and allow analysis at local and national levels to support improvements in individual supplies, identifying systematic faults, and support prioritisation for action. This is a simple, multi-dimensional framework for assessing the resilience of rural and small-town water and sanitation services in LMICs. The framework is being further tested in Nepal and Ethiopia and future results will be reported on its application.

scholarly journals Surgical care in the public health agenda

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Scheffer ◽  
Saurabh Saluja ◽  
Nivaldo Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Global Indicators

The current article examines surgical care as a public health issue and a challenge for health systems organization. When surgery fails to take place in timely fashion, treatable clinical conditions can evolve to disability and death. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery defined indicators for monitoring sustainable universal access to surgical care. Applied to Brazil, the global indicators are satisfactory, but the supply of surgeries in the country is marked by regional and socioeconomic inequalities, as well as between the public and private healthcare sectors.

Influences of Pharmaceutical Industry on Prescription Practices in Public and Private Hospitals of Islamabad- Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Ahmed Latif ◽  
Muhammad Siddique Ansari ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim Ansari ◽  
Rabia Malik ◽  
Abdul Ahad Sohoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Prescription Practices ◽  
Medication Therapy ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Times ◽  
Depth Interviews

Background:  To explore the influences of pharmaceutical companies on prescription practices and to find out types of incentives of pharmaceutical companies on medical doctors in private and public hospitals in Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan  Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted in 06 months May-Oct: 2017 in Islamabad (Capital City of Pakistan). Data were collected from doctors and pharmaceuticals representatives through snowballing sampling techniques through open ended questionnaire in which In-depth interviews were taken. In depth interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded. Qualitative sub-component was included to triangulate the data, sub themes and themes were generated. Results: Respondent’s prescription is a basically document in which we suggest minimum effective medication therapy to the patient, that is also cost effective and give maximum treatment to the patient.  Few of the respondents are also agreeing on the point that most of the times patient itself influences to prescribe the particular product. Patient itself influences to prescribe the particular product that is redundant in its treatment regimen. Other respondents stated that prescription is varying from patient to patient and our priority is to give the medicine to the patient which shows good efficacy. Conclusion: Most doctors were maintaining protocol of prescription and using brand name of medicine. Pharmacists were visiting them on regular basis conditionally.

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