City sanitation ladder: moving from household to citywide sanitation assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meera Mehta ◽  
Dinesh Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Urban Sanitation ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Sanitation Ladder ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
Level Performance ◽  
Level Monitoring

Monitoring sanitation has generally focused on basic access with its implicit links to health impacts. The new thinking on urban sanitation monitoring goes beyond the household level facilities to encompass wider dimensions of equity, public health and natural environment. This requires an assessment of the full value chain from the user interface to storage, conveyance, treatment and disposal or reuse. In developing country context, this also necessitates incorporating other sanitation dimensions beyond excreta management, especially management of greywater, storm water and solid waste as these are often interlinked on the ground. In this context, it is important to revisit the concept of the sanitation ladder, widely used by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), which has focused on household access. This paper suggests a framework for outcome-based citywide assessment of the full sanitation value chain across different sanitation sub-sectors. The ladder is redefined using a city sanitation score to assess city level performance. The suggested outcome-based assessment for different components of the value chain also provides a basis for city level monitoring of overall sanitation performance.

A new approach to measure sanitation performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. P. Gunawardana ◽  
L. W. Galagedara
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Sanitation Ladder ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
Treatment And Disposal

Monitoring sanitation coverage using a more appropriate method will have added benefits in the sanitation sector compared with the tool currently deployed by the Joint Monitoring Programme – the sanitation ladder. Although the present sanitation ladder is a simple and generally accepted tool for monitoring it does not consider the environmental and public health risks associated with some sanitation technologies. This paper uses data gathered from three communities in Sri Lanka to illustrate the shortcomings of the current method compared with a new and more comprehensive methodology developed and known as the sanitation index for monitoring (SIM). Available literature, focus group discussions, questionnaire surveys, and field observations were used to select indicator variables and score levels for the new index. Indicator variables and score levels were defined under two categories to create two sub-indices namely the ‘latrine security and hygiene’ and ‘treatment and disposal’. Twelve combinations of two sub-indices provide the final sanitation index for each community. The new SIM correctly assesses the real situation with regard to performance of a range of sanitation technologies over the full sanitation value chain and has the potential to improve sanitation monitoring worldwide.

Monitoring sanitation performance: unpacking the figures on sanitation coverage

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muchaneta Munamati ◽  
Innocent Nhapi ◽  
Shepherd N. Misi
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
The World ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Sanitation Ladder ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sanitation Systems

An understanding of the sanitation situation is crucial for planning and evaluating effectiveness of sanitation interventions. Such knowledge is gained through monitoring sanitation performance. At the international level, sanitation monitoring is done by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The JMP tracks progress made towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) sanitation target using information collected from household surveys. This article critically describes and reviews the JMP sanitation monitoring approach based on information from literature. The paper argues that while JMP methods have been useful in reporting sanitation progress, it has a number of weaknesses which have led to questions being raised on the sanitation coverage figures. Specifically, the JMP has been criticized for its usage of the term ‘improved’ sanitation and the technology-based sanitation ladder. It is argued that this approach does not monitor other components of sanitation systems such as storage, transport, treatment and disposal and/or re-use of human excreta. In addition, the sustainability of the sanitation systems is also overlooked. All these factors have led to an overestimation of sanitation coverage. A monitoring approach which considers the function of sanitation and sustainability of sanitation systems is therefore recommended.

scholarly journals Boswellia and Commiphora Species as a Resource Base for Rural Livelihood Security in the Horn of Africa: A Systematic Review

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan ◽  
Glover ◽  
Luukkanen ◽  
Kanninen ◽  
Jamnadass
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Social Science Citation Index ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Livelihood Security ◽  
Rural Livelihood

The dryland vegetation and particularly the Acacia-Commiphora woodlands support the livelihoods of approximately 52 million rural households in the Horn of Africa. Aromatic resins are valuable non-wood forest products (NWFPs) derived from Boswellia and Commiphora species in the drylands of this region. The study seeks to answer the following main questions: “What are the ecological and livelihood roles of resin producing species, and the role that people have in either degrading or restoring these ecosystems?” “Who are the participants in frankincense and myrrh production, processing, and trade, and how do these people interact?” “What is the current and potential future economic impact of frankincense and myrrh production and trade at the household level?” “What are the barriers to enhanced economic outcomes?” The study involves the use of PRISMA method—a systematic methodology to identify, select and analyze the recent literature on aromatic resins in relation to such factors as socio-economic situation, livelihood security, value chain, climate change adaptation, ecology and sustainable development in the Horn of Africa. Systematic identification of publications was conducted using several sources, including but not limited to electronic databases for literature search. Web of Science, Social Science Citation Index and Google Scholar and various scientific journals were investigated using search terms and restrictions. A total of 991 references were retrieved, but literature only published between 2003 to 2017 was selected, which led to the use of 51 works for full-text assessment. The results indicate that of the 51 selected studies, 45% focused on ecology and sustainable management, 31% on economic contribution and livelihood security, 20% on production and value chain development, and 4% on climate change adaptation and mitigation. It could be concluded that farmers’ adoption of Boswellia and Commiphora species as economic tree crops in the Horn of Africa has a distinct role in biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation by contributing to the sustainability of ecosystem functioning as well as improving household incomes and the rural livelihood security in general, and thereby facilitating poverty alleviation.

scholarly journals Ambient Air Quality & Noise Level Monitoring of Different Areas of Lahore (Pakistan) and Its Health Impacts

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almas Hamid ◽  
Sana Akhtar ◽  
Syeda Atique ◽  
Zilley Huma ◽  
Syed Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Level Monitoring

scholarly journals Mycotoxins in Ethiopia: A Review on Prevalence, Economic and Health Impacts

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Firew Tafesse Mamo ◽  
Birhan Addisie Abate ◽  
Kassahun Tesfaye ◽  
Chengrong Nie ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Binding Agents ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Global Concern

Mycotoxigenic fungi and their toxins are a global concern, causing huge economic and health impacts in developing countries such as Ethiopia, where the mycotoxin control system is inadequate. This work aimed to review the occurrences of agriculturally essential fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium and their major mycotoxins in Ethiopian food/feedstuffs. The incidents of crucial toxins, including aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1), fumonisins (B1, B2), zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A, were studied. The impacts of chronic aflatoxin exposure on liver cancer risks, synergy with chronic hepatitis B infection, and possible links with Ethiopian childhood malnutrition were thoroughly examined. In addition, health risks of other potential mycotoxin exposure are also discussed, and the impacts of unsafe level of mycotoxin contaminations on economically essential export products and livestock productions were assessed. Feasible mycotoxin mitigation strategies such as biocontrol methods and binding agents (bentonite) were recommended because they are relatively cheap for low-income farmers and widely available in Ethiopia, respectively. Moreover, Ethiopian mycotoxin regulations, storage practice, adulteration practice, mycotoxin tests, and knowledge gaps among value chain actors were highlighted. Finally, sustained public awareness was suggested, along with technical and human capacity developments in the food control sector.

scholarly journals Food security and food quality among vanilla farmers in Madagascar: the role of contract farming and livestock keeping

Food Security ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Noromalala Andriamparany ◽  
Hendrik Hänke ◽  
Eva Schlecht
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe northeastern SAVA region of Madagascar is the largest vanilla producing area in the world and is flourishing due to a large global demand for natural vanilla. Although the general socio-economic situation has regionally improved because of high vanilla prices, little is known about the nutritional status of local vanilla farmers. We used a 12-month longitudinal food survey to analyze food security, food consumption and nutrient intake of local vanilla farming households (n = 140). Food consumption data was complemented with baseline, agro-economic, longitudinal and field-plot information to determine factors influencing food security, and the contribution of protein from Animal Source Food (ASF_protein) to household nutrition using a stepwise generalized linear model. Results show a high level (74%) of food insecurity and micronutrient deficiency but an acceptable level of protein intake among surveyed households. Consumption of rice, the principal source of carbohydrates, is stable across the year. Compared to other regions in Madagascar, local diets are moderately diversified with an acceptable share of ASF_protein (about 50%). Household size (P < 0.001) and cash income from rice sales (P < 0.001) were the most important factors influencing the food security index (FSI), while cash crop income (P < 0.01) and number of income sources (P < 0.01) were more important in the explanation of the dietary share of ASF_protein. Yet, neither livestock ownership nor contracting with vanilla buyers/exporters did improve food security of the surveyed households. Households who concluded contracts were significantly less food secure than non-contracting households (P = 0.01) with seasonal fluctuations across the year. Policy implications of our findings are that, although many actors of the vanilla value chain run social and environmental programs in the SAVA region, more needs to be done to improve diet quality at household level and strengthen farmers’ resilience to food insecurity.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Productivity and Marketing Channel of Household Level Dairy Farming, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Sabyasachi Chanda Antor ◽  
Asif Mahmud ◽  
Kanon Das ◽  
Sufianur Rahman ◽  
Tauhidul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Household Level

Aims: This study was conducted to explore the factors affecting dairy production and marketing value chain, value addition at a Household level in Mollahat upazila of Bagerhat District, Bangladesh. Methodology: For the implication of the study cluster sampling technique was used and data was collected from 80 dairy households. A Cobb-Douglas production function was used to identify the factors affecting dairy production and marketing margin was used to measure value addition as well as deriving marketing channel. Results: Marketing Channel of dairy farming showed that 50% of milk were channeled through by farmer-milkman-sweetshop-consumer and only 10% of milk directly channeled in both directly local market and home delivery. By analyzing data, the study got human labor, utilities, medicine have a positive correlation with milk yield of the milk cow. But it was found that straw and green grass have a negative correlation with the milk yield of the cow due to excessive use of it. The main observation was that all of the resources were not fully utilized by those households. Conclusion: Despite being smallholder and subsistence, if the farmers increase the amount of resource use in dairy rearing then milk production will be increased and the smallholder’s socio-economic conditions will be better.

Sanitation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Reinert
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
A Value ◽  
Basic Human Needs ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Nations System

This chapter considers sanitation as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for health and hygiene. It considers the widespread nature of sanitation deprivation and the challenges of addressing this deprivation, which include increased population growth. It considers the myriad health impacts of poor sanitation. The chapter examines the subsistence right to sanitation and the role of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It discusses the problems of sanitation as it relates to children and women. It also examines the menu of options for sanitation service provision from a value chain perspective, the political economy of sanitation services, demand side issues, and provisioning processes.

scholarly journals Dietary determinants of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct in pregnant women consuming a rice-dominated diet in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 732-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Y. Andrews-Trevino ◽  
Patrick Webb ◽  
Gerald Shively ◽  
Beatrice Rogers ◽  
Kedar Baral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Safety Interventions ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Aflatoxins are found in diverse foods widely consumed worldwide. This study investigated the association between aflatoxin exposure and (a) consumption of specific foods, (b) dietary diversity (DD), and (c) seasonality. Methods Women enrolled in the AflaCohort Study in Banke, Nepal (n = 1648) were asked how often they ate certain food items in the past 7 days and 24 h. Serum aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) adduct levels, measured during pregnancy, were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariable ordinary least squares and quantile regression models were used to examine incremental increases in AFB1-lys adduct levels per frequency of food consumption and the relationship between DD, seasonality, and increases in AFB1-lys adduct. Results Roughly 94% of women were exposed to aflatoxin (geometric mean 1.37 pg/mg). Women in the 30th, 50th, and 70th quantiles of aflatoxin exposure who reported one more occasion of maize consumption in the past week showed increases in AFB1-lys adduct levels: 0.094, 0.112, and 0.109 pg/mg (p < 0.05, all). Women in the 30th, 50th, 70th, and 90th quantiles of exposure who reported one more occasion of groundnut consumption in the past week also showed increases in AFB1-lys adduct levels: 0.058 (p < 0.001), 0.085 (p < 0.01), 0.133 (p < 0.001), and 0.133 (p < 0.001) pg/mg. Winter month recruitment was positively associated with AFB1-lys adduct levels at all quantiles of aflatoxin exposure (range: 0.313–1.101 pg/mg, p < 0.001). DD was not predictive of aflatoxin exposure. Conclusions Our findings justify integrated approaches to aflatoxin reduction, including regulatory, agricultural, and food safety interventions across the value chain and at the household level.

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