Assessment of social acceptance and scope of scaling up urine diversion dehydration toilets in Kenya

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. N. Uddin ◽  
V. S. Muhandiki ◽  
J. Fukuda ◽  
M. Nakamura ◽  
A. Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Almost All

A urine diversion dehydration toilet (UDDT) is a kind of toilet which can be used to recover resources such as nutrients and can also be an option to improve the sanitary situation in low income countries. A structured questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, participatory approaches such as focus group discussion (FGD) and mass gathering were carried out in Kenya to assess social acceptance and scope of scaling up of UDDTs. The results showed that almost all respondents among UDDT users and non-users have overcome social and cultural barriers to accept UDDTs. Most UDDT users were applying UDDT products as fertilizers on their farms. It is recommended to promote coordination and networking of local community based organizations in order to replicate UDDTs.

Drug policy and control at the international level

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Babor ◽  
Jonathan Caulkins ◽  
Benedikt Fischer ◽  
David Foxcroft ◽  
Keith Humphreys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Pain Medications ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control ◽  
Illicit Trafficking

International drug control efforts are designed to coordinate domestic laws with international activities that regulate or limit the supply of psychoactive substances. These efforts are organized around three main drug control treaties that almost all countries have ratified in order to prevent illicit trafficking and other drug-related crime, while at the same time allowing access to prescription medications. The effects of the system have been evaluated mostly in terms of the ability to eliminate illicit markets and supply. The gross imbalance in world consumption of legal opiates is a pointer to the limited availability of effective pain medications in many low-income countries, with 80% of the world’s population having either no or inadequate access to treatment for moderate or severe pain.

scholarly journals Strategic value of interviewer training and local community-based organisations for WaSH and antibiotic resistance surveys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Iyer ◽  
Myra J. Giesen ◽  
Rohit Juneja ◽  
David W. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Local Community ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
Interviewer Training ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Community Dwellers

Abstract Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) research has long relied on household surveys to gather knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) data with local enumerators or community correspondents (CCs). However, CCs must be trained to build capacity and ensure representative survey responses. Here, we use a case study in low-income, informal communities from New Delhi, India to assess the value of structured training for individuals who lead the gathering of KAP data (CC leaders, CCLs) on WaSH and antibiotic resistance. Feedback from CCLs showed that directed training increased their motivation, confidence, and technical competence and provided them skills that enhanced data collection. Training further strengthened relationships and empowered our local community-based organisation (CBO), expanding their role beyond being an implementing partner. Empowerment led to new insights, such as evident problems with communications between local doctors and community dwellers. Only three of 38 focus group attendees knew what an antibiotic was, apparently because they were never told. Overall, this work shows that interviewer training has many trickle-down benefits, improving the quality of data, building confidence in field teams, and empowering local CBOs, but most importantly, by increasing knowledge among community dwellers, such that they also might be empowered.

scholarly journals Community-based maternal and newborn care: A concept analysis

Curationis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonas R. Guta ◽  
Patrone R. Risenga ◽  
Mary M. Moleki ◽  
Merertu T. Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Newborn Care ◽  
Newborn Health ◽  
Concept Analysis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Maternal And Newborn Health ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Maternal And Newborn Care ◽  
Maternal And Newborn

Background: Community-based care can serve as a valuable programme in the provision of essential maternal and newborn care, specifically in communities in low-income countries. However, its application in maternal and newborn care is not clearly documented in relation to the rendering of services by skilled birth attendants.Objectives: The purpose of the analysis was to clarify the meaning of the concept ‘community-based maternal and newborn care and its relationship to maternal and newborn health’.Method: Walker and Avant’s and Rodgers and Knafl’s as well as Chin and Kramer’s approaches to concept analysis were followed to analyse community-based maternal and newborn care.Results: The attributes of community-based care in maternal and newborn health include (1) the provision of home- and/or community-level skilled care, (2) linkages of health services and (3) community participation and mobilisation. These attributes are influenced by antecedents as well as consequences.Conclusion: The provision of good maternal and newborn care to all clients is a crucial aspect in provision of maternal and newborn services. In order for low-income countries to promote maternal and newborn health, community-based care services are the best option to follow.

scholarly journals Distributing development assistance for health: simulating the implications of 11 criteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-263
Author(s):  
Trygve Ottersen ◽  
Suerie Moon ◽  
John-Arne Røttingen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
National Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Assistance For Health ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Almost All

AbstractAfter years of unprecedented growth in development assistance for health (DAH), the DAH system is challenged on several fronts: by the economic downturn and stagnation of DAH, by the epidemiological transition and increase in non-communicable diseases and by the economic transition and rise of the middle-income countries. Central to any potent response is a fair and effective allocation of DAH across countries. A myriad of criteria has been proposed or is currently used, but there have been no comprehensive assessment of their distributional implications. We simulated the implications of 11 quantitative allocation criteria across countries and country categories. We found that the distributions varied profoundly. The group of low-income countries received most DAH from needs-based criteria linked to domestic capacity, while the group of upper-middle-income countries was most favoured by an income-inequality criterion. Compared to a baseline distribution guided by gross national income per capita, low-income countries received less DAH by almost all criteria. The findings can inform funders when examining and revising the criteria they use, and provide input to the broader debate about what criteria should be used.

2005 Review of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Approach - Balancing Accountabilities and Scaling Up Results

Policy Papers ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (67) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Poverty Reduction Strategy ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

In December 1999, the World Bank (the Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (the Fund) introduced a new approach to their relations with low-income countries, centered around the development and implementation of poverty reduction strategies (PRS) by the countries as a precondition for access to debt relief and concessional financing from both institutions. These strategies were also expected to serve as a framework for better coordination of development assistance among other development partners.

scholarly journals A Qualitative Study to Explore Dietary Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices Among Pregnant Women in a Rural Health Zone in Democratic Republic of Congo.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benito Maykondo Kazenza ◽  
Christiane Horwood ◽  
Lyn Haskins ◽  
Sphindile Mapumulo ◽  
Mala Ali Mala Mapatano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
Dietary Knowledge

Abstract BACKGROUNDA nutritious and healthy diet during pregnancy is essential for the health of both mother and baby. Inadequate dietary intake during pregnancy contributes to maternal malnutrition and can have lifelong effects on the health of the child. Maternal malnutrition is common in many low-income countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Kwango province, DRC, has a high prevalence of malnutrition among all population groups, including macro and micronutrient deficiencies among pregnant women. The study aimed to explore the dietary knowledge and practices of pregnant woman in this areaMETHODSThis study adopted a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews (IDIs) with pregnant women and key informants, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with fathers and grandmothers in the community, to explore women’s knowledge and practice about diet during pregnancy. Data was collected between January and April 2018. IDIs were conducted with pregnant women who were recruited at antenatal clinics during their second and third trimester. IDIs were undertaken with selected key informants, who were health workers providing care to pregnant women, and included doctors, nurses, nutritionist and community health workers. All IDIs and FGDs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated to English. Triangulation method and thematic analyses were used.RESULTSOverall, women showed good general knowledge about nutrition and the need for increased and varied foods during pregnancy, but little technical knowledge about nutrients and sources of nutrition. Healthcare facilities, media, NGOs and family members were the main sources of nutritional information. However, women were unable to put this knowledge into practice, primarily due to poverty and poor access to a variety of foods. The Popokabaka community accessed food from farming, fishing and from the market, although purchasing food was frequently unaffordable. Cassava flour was the most common daily food. Food taboos, traditional practices, and late ANC attendance were identified as factors that influenced dietary practices.CONCLUSIONSVarious social, economic and environmental factors within the local community influenced dietary practices among pregnant women in rural DRC. A comprehensive approach is required to improve nutrition, and address food insecurity, cultural practices and improve health outcomes of both mother and child.

How is magnetic resonance imaging used in Iran?

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Palesh ◽  
Sten Fredrikson ◽  
Hamidreza Jamshidi ◽  
Goran Tomson ◽  
Max Petzold
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Utilization Patterns ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Almost All

Objectives:Analysis of and understanding the utilization patterns of diagnostic imaging technologies is important for planning health systems especially in middle- and low-income countries. Almost all published studies have been focused on utilization trends or utilization rates of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over time and little has been published about utilization patterns of MRI. This study aims to identify and describe the utilization pattern of MRI in Iran.Methods:Data was collected from referrals and MRI reports of the population covered by one of the largest insurance organizations (Social Security Organization [SSO]) with more than 27 million beneficiaries in the Country. We focused on patients who had undergone an MRI examination during 1 month (October 13 to November 12), 2005. The data collected consisted of 1,656 referrals for MR imaging and 1,547 MRI reports.Results:No clear association was found between the number of referrals per 100,000 population and the number of MRI machines per 100,000 population (r = 0.30;p= .13). Neurosurgeons, orthopedists, and neurologists contributed to more than 88 percent of MRI utilization. The Spinal column (55 percent), brain (25.5 percent), and knee (11.0 percent) were the most common parts of the body scanned by MRI.Conclusions:Having identified some of the most frequent users of MRI technology, any plan for modifying or improving MRI use should focus mainly on these specialties. International evidence on using the technology for examining brain and spine indicate that MRI is mainly used in diagnosing the central nervous system (CNS) diseases.

Levels of functional disability in elderly people in Tanzania with dementia, stroke and Parkinson’s disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloyce Kisoli ◽  
William K. Gray ◽  
Catherine L. Dotchin ◽  
Golda Orega ◽  
Felicity Dewhurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Severe Disability ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Demographic Ageing ◽  
People With Dementia

BackgroundDisability is associated with increasing age and poverty, yet there are few reliable data regarding disability amongst the elderly in low-income countries. The aim of this study was to compare disability levels for three of the most common neurological, non-communicable diseases: dementia, stroke and Parkinson’s disease (PD).MethodsWe performed a community-based study of people aged 70 years and over in 12 randomly selected villages in the rural Hai district of Tanzania. Participants underwent disability assessment using the Barthel Index, and clinical assessment for dementia, stroke and PD.ResultsIn a representative cohort of 2232 people aged 70 years and over, there were 54 cases of stroke, 12 cases of PD and estimated (by extrapolation from a sub-sample of 1198 people) to be 112 cases of dementia. People with stroke were the most disabled, with 62.9% having moderate or severe disability. Levels of moderate or severe disability were 41.2% in people with dementia and 50.0% in people with PD. However, the higher prevalence of dementia meant that, at a population level, it was associated with similar levels of disability as stroke, with 18.5% of 249 people identified as having moderate or severe disability having dementia, compared to 13.7% for stroke and 2.4% for PD.ConclusionsLevels of disability from these conditions is high and is likely to increase with demographic ageing. Innovative, community-based strategies to reduce disability levels should be investigated.

scholarly journals Scaling up Dietary Data for Decision-Making in Low-Income Countries: New Technological Frontiers

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie Bell ◽  
Brooke A Colaiezzi ◽  
Cathleen S Prata ◽  
Jennifer C Coates
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Dietary Data

Community Participation or Manufactured Consent? Strategies for Implementation of Drinking Water Project ‘Jalanidhi’ in Kerala (India)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Madhav Govind ◽  
Abhilash Babu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The State ◽  
Community Based ◽  
User Charge ◽  
Informal Interview ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scheduled Castes

The present study explains how the state engages with the dominant groups in the community and how people’s consent is manufactured to legitimize the implementation of the project. On the basis of focus group discussion with beneficiaries and informal interview of implementing actors, the study shows that people’s responses towards ‘Jalanidhi’ vary as per their socio-economic positions in the society. While the middle and the upper class people were generally favouring the project, the poor and weaker sections were strongly opposing the idea of user charge for drinking water. The middle class viewed the user charge for drinking water as ‘normal’ and more efficient compared to the state-driven supply; the lower class, especially those who belonged to the scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST), viewed it as a violation of their rights. Yet, they were denied any alternative to the neoliberal agenda of community-based drinking water supply and were forced to conform to the project. The study focuses on using the insights developed by Michel Foucault. His genealogical analysis offers tools to understand the forms of power relations at the grassroots. The study uses ‘Jalanidhi’ as a context to examine these concepts and shows how it can be used to understand the processes that lead to the social acceptance of commodification of natural resources like water.

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