Solar radiation and ice melting in Lake Vendyurskoe, Russian Karelia

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Leppäranta ◽  
A. Terzhevik ◽  
K. Shirasawa
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Radiation Transfer ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Ice Melting ◽  
Observation Programme ◽  
Structure Water ◽  
Snow Thickness ◽  
Russian Karelia

Field experiments were conducted during two melting periods, April 2006 and April 2007, in Lake Vendyurskoe. The observation programme included weather, ice and snow thickness and structure, water temperature and solar radiation transfer through the ice. Albedo showed a systematic decrease from 0.5–0.8 for wintertime dry ice and snow to 0.1 for wet bare ice in spring, with spatial standard deviation of about 10%. The e-folding depth of light level was 60–80 cm for congelation ice and 15 cm for snow-ice. Light transmissivity of the ice cover increased from melting but decreased from ice deterioration; it varied between 0.25–0.35 in 2006, while in 2007 there was a systematic trend from 0.1 to 0.5 in six days. The heat budget was governed by net solar radiation with daily peaks up to 400–500 W m−2 on clear days. The average daily melt was 1.2 cm at the surface, 0.5 cm at the bottom and 1–2 cm (thickness equivalent) in the interior.

Contrasting yield formation characteristics in two super-rice hybrids that differ in growth duration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Huang ◽  
Zui Tao ◽  
Tao Lei ◽  
Fangbo Cao ◽  
Jiana Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rice Hybrid ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Formation

Summary The development of high-yielding, short-duration super-rice hybrids is important for ensuring food security in China where multiple cropping is widely practiced and large-scale farming has gradually emerged. In this study, field experiments were conducted over 3 years to identify the yield formation characteristics in the shorter-duration (∼120 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Guiliangyou 2’ (G2) by comparing it with the longer-duration (∼130 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Y-liangyou 1’ (Y1). The results showed that G2 had a shorter pre-heading growth duration and consequently a shorter total growth duration compared to Y1. Compared to Y1, G2 had lower total biomass production that resulted from lower daily solar radiation, apparent radiation use efficiency (RUE), crop growth rate (CGR), and biomass production during the pre-heading period, but the grain yield was not significantly lower than that of Y1 because it was compensated for by the higher harvest index that resulted from slower leaf senescence (i.e., slower decline in leaf area index during the post-heading period) and higher RUE, CGR, and biomass production during the post-heading period. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to reduce the dependence of yield formation on growth duration to a certain extent in rice by increasing the use efficiency of solar radiation through crop improvement and also highlight the need for a greater fundamental understanding of the physiological processes involved in the higher use efficiency of solar radiation in super-rice hybrids.

Special features of the optical and microphysical characteristics of cirrus and their effect on the solar radiation transfer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignatii V. Samokhvalov ◽  
Valentina V. Bryukhanova ◽  
Ilia D. Bryukhanov ◽  
Ivan V. Zhivotenyuk ◽  
Evgenii V. Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiation Transfer

scholarly journals Solar Radiation Effects on Dry Matter Accumulations and Transfer in Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunshan Yang ◽  
Xiaoxia Guo ◽  
Guangzhou Liu ◽  
Wanmao Liu ◽  
Jun Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Weak Light

Solar radiation is the energy source for crop growth, as well as for the processes of accumulation, distribution, and transfer of photosynthetic products that determine maize yield. Therefore, learning the effects of different solar radiation amounts on maize growth is especially important. The present study focused on the quantitative relationships between solar radiation amounts and dry matter accumulations and transfers in maize. Over two continuous years (2017 and 2018) of field experiments, maize hybrids XY335 and ZD958 were grown at densities of 4.5 × 104 (D1), 7.5 × 104 (D2), 9 × 104 (D3), 10.5 × 104 (D4), and 12 × 104 (D5) plants/ha at Qitai Farm (89°34′E, 44°12′N), Xinjiang, China. Shading levels were 15% (S1), 30% (S2), and 50% (S3) of natural light and no shading (CK). The results showed that the yields of the commonly planted cultivars XY335 and ZD958 at S1, S2, and S3 (increasing shade treatments) were 7.3, 21.2, and 57.6% and 11.7, 31.0, and 61.8% lower than the control yields, respectively. Also, vegetative organ dry matter translocation (DMT) and its contribution to grain increased as shading levels increased under different densities. The dry matter assimilation amount after silking (AADMAS) increased as solar radiation and planting density increased. When solar radiation was <580.9 and 663.6 MJ/m2, for XY335 and ZD958, respectively, the increase in the AADMAS was primarily related to solar radiation amounts; and when solar radiation was higher than those amounts for those hybrids, an increase in the AADMAS was primarily related to planting density. Photosynthate accumulation is a key determinant of maize yield, and the contributions of the vegetative organs to the grain did not compensate for the reduced yield caused by insufficient light. Between the two cultivars, XY335 showed a better resistance to weak light than ZD958 did. To help guarantee a high maize yield under weak light conditions, it is imperative to select cultivars that have great stay-green and photosynthetic efficiency characteristics.

scholarly journals Thermal Environment Design of Outdoor Spaces by Examining Redevelopment Buildings Opposite Central Osaka Station

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Takebayashi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
Building Shape ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Outdoor Space ◽  
Typical Summer ◽  
Radiant Temperature

Thermal environmental design in an outdoor space is discussed by focusing on the proper selection and arrangement of buildings, trees, and covering materials via the examination of redevelopment buildings in front of Central Osaka Station, where several heat island countermeasure technologies have been introduced. Surface temperatures on the ground and wall were calculated based on the surface heat budget equation in each 2 m size mesh of the ground and building wall surface. Incident solar radiation was calculated using ArcGIS and building shape data. Mean radiant temperature (MRT) of the human body was calculated using these results. Distribution of wind velocity was calculated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) reproducing buildings, obstacles, trees, and the surroundings. The effect of MRT on SET* was greater than that of wind velocity at 13:00 and 17:00 on a typical summer day. SET* reduction was the highest by solar radiation shading, followed by surface material change and ventilation. The largest ratio of the area considered for the thermal environment was 83% on Green Garden, which consists of 44% of building shade, 21% of tree shade, 7% of water surface, and 11% of green cover. It is appropriate to consider the thermal environment design of outdoor space in the order of shade by buildings, shading by trees, and improvement of surface materials.

scholarly journals Effects of Solar Radiation on the Formation of Weak Wet Snow

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wet Snow

Laboratory and field experiments on hardness of snow have shown that the free water contained in snow decreases its hardness, and that solar radiation further decreases hardness down to a value below the limit of that which would result only from the influence of the water content of snow. A quantitative relationship between the amount of solar radiation absorbed by snow and decrease in snow hardness was derived. Thin-section analyses of snow were used to reveal the mechanism of decrease in snow hardness which had been caused by solar radiation.

Solar radiation and ice heat budget during winter 2002–2003 in Lake Pääjärvi, Finland

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 414-417
Author(s):  
Caixin Wang ◽  
Kunio Shirasawa ◽  
Matti Leppäranta ◽  
Masao Ishikawa ◽  
Olli Huttunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Heat Budget

scholarly journals Thermal Regime of Ice Covered Swedish Lakes

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bengtsson ◽  
Thorbjörn Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Early Winter

Temperature conditions and heat fluxes in ice covered lakes are discussed analyzing measurements in eight Swedish lakes. Heat fluxes from sediments and heat fluxes from water to ice are determined from temperature profiles. The contribution of solar radiation is estimated from heat-budget calculations. It is found that the heat content of most of the lakes changes very little when they are ice covered, but that the lake-water temperature slightly increases. All heat fluxes are small. The heat flux from the sediments is the highest flux in early winter, but is later in the winter balanced by the heat loss from the water to the underside of the ice. Solar radiation is an important heat source in late winter, when the snow cover is thin.

scholarly journals Effect of Straw Mulch on Soil Evaporation during Freeze–Thaw Periods

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Chen ◽  
Xue Xie ◽  
Xiuqing Zheng ◽  
Jing Xue ◽  
Chunyan Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Coverage Rate ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Semi Arid

Reducing soil evaporation is important to alleviate water shortages in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this work was to reveal the effect of straw mulch on soil evaporation based on field experiments during a freeze–thaw period in Northern China. Four soil surface mulch treatment modes were investigated: Bare soil (BS), 1 cm thick straw mulch with 100% coverage rate (J1), 2 cm thick straw mulch with 100% coverage rate (J2), and 2 cm thick straw mulch with 50% coverage rate (J3). Principal component analysis was used to analyze the major factors influencing soil evaporation in three freeze–thaw stages. The results show that cumulative soil evaporation decreased with increased straw mulch thickness and coverage rate. The effect of straw mulching on soil evaporation was obvious during the stable freezing period, and soil evaporation with straw mulch treatments was reduced by 49.0% to 58.8% compared to BS treatment, while there was little difference for straw mulch treatments in the thawing stage. The relationship between cumulative soil evaporation under different straw mulch modes and time was well fitted by the power function. In the unstable freezing stage, the major factors for all treatments influencing soil evaporation were surface soil temperature and water surface evaporation; in the stable stage, they were solar radiation and relative humidity, and in the thawing stage, they were solar radiation and air temperature. The research results can provide a basis for addressing soil water storage and moisture conservation and restraining ineffective soil evaporation in arid and semi-arid areas.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document