scholarly journals Capacity reliability of water distribution systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vaabel ◽  
T. Koppel ◽  
L. Ainola ◽  
L. Sarv
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Power Capacity ◽  
Hydraulic Power ◽  
Reliability Indicator ◽  
S Factor ◽  
Surplus Power

Hydraulic power capacity of the water distribution network (WDN) is analyzed, and energetically maximum flows in pipes and networks are determined. The concept of hydraulic power for the analysis of WDN characteristics is presented. Hydraulic power capacity characterizes the WDN capacity to meet pressure and flow demands. A capacity reliability indicator called the surplus power factor is introduced for individual transmission pipes and for distribution networks. The surplus power factor s that characterizes the reliability of the hydraulic system can be used along with other measures developed to quantify the hydraulic reliability of water networks. The coefficient of the hydraulic efficiency ηn of the network is defined. A water distribution system in service is analyzed to demonstrate the s and ηn values in the water network in service under different demand conditions. In order to calculate the s factor for WDNs, a network resistance coefficient C was determined. The coefficient C characterizes overall head losses in water pipelines and is a basis for the s factor calculation. This paper presents a theoretical approach to determine the coefficient C through matrix equations.

scholarly journals Using real options for an eco-friendly design of water distribution systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Marques ◽  
Maria Cunha ◽  
Dragan A. Savić
Keyword(s):  
Real Options ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
System Development ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Real Options Approach ◽  
Materials Used

This paper presents a real options approach to handling uncertainties associated with the long-term planning of water distribution system development. Furthermore, carbon emissions associated with the installation and operation of water distribution networks are considered. These emissions are computed by taking an embodied energy approach to the different materials used in water networks. A simulated annealing heuristic is used to optimise a flexible eco-friendly design of water distribution systems for an extended life horizon. This time horizon is subdivided into different time intervals in which different possible decision paths can be followed. The proposed approach is applied to a case study and the results are presented according to a decision tree. Lastly, some comparisons and results are used to demonstrate the quality of the results of this approach.

scholarly journals Development of a Binary Model for Evaluating Water Distribution Systems by a Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attilio Fiorini Morosini ◽  
Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas ◽  
Sami Shaffiee Haghshenas ◽  
Zong Woo Geem
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Binary Model ◽  
Pressure Driven Analysis ◽  
Pressure Driven

Investigation of Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) is considered a challenging task due to the unpredicted and uncertain conditions in water engineering. When in a WDN, a pipe failure occurs, and shut-off valves to isolate the broken pipe to allow repairing works are activated. In these new conditions, the hydraulic parameters in the network are modified because the topology of the entire system changes. If the head becomes inadequate, the Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) is the correct approach to evaluate the performance of water networks. Hence, in the present study, the water distribution system was evaluated in pressure-driven conditions for 100 different scenarios and then using a type of neural network called Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) as a stochastic technique. For this purpose, several most notable parameters including the base demand, pressure, and alpha (the percentage of effective supplied flow) were calculated using simulations based on a PDA approach and applied to the water distribution network of Praia a Mare in Southern Italy. In the second stage, the output parameters were used in a developed binary classification model. Finally, the obtained results showed that the GMDH algorithm can be applied as a powerful tool for modeling water distribution networks.

scholarly journals Extending the global gradient algorithm to unsteady flow extended period simulations of water distribution systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezio Todini
Keyword(s):  
Unsteady Flow ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Gradient Algorithm ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Original Algorithm ◽  
Global Gradient Algorithm

This paper introduces an extension of the Global Gradient Algorithm (GGA) to directly solve unsteady flow problems arising from the presence of variable head water storage devices, such as tanks, in Extended Period Simulations (EPS) of looped water distribution networks (WDN). Such a modification of the original algorithm was motivated by the need to overcome oscillations and instabilities reported by several users of EPANET, a worldwide available package, which uses the GGA to solve the looped WDN equations. The set of partial differential equations describing the time and space behaviour of a water distribution system is here presented. It is shown how an unsteady flow GGA can be derived by simple modifications of the original steady-state GGA. The performances of the new algorithm, referred to as EPS-GGA, are compared with the results provided by EPANET on an extremely simplified example, the solution of which is qualitatively known. As opposed to EPANET which shows significant instabilities, the EPS-GGA is stable under a wide variety of increasing integration time intervals.

Experience in controlling Asellus aquaticus in water distribution systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
A. Oleszkiewicz ◽  
M. Geringer d'Oedenberg ◽  
J. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Asellus Aquaticus

Asellus aquaticus is one of the nuisance organisms found in water distribution systems. Case studies of operations aimed at control of this crustacean and its disinfestation, carried out in two water distribution networks: in Pevensey Bay (Eastbourne, UK) and in Gdansk (Poland), are presented. Raw water reservoir receiving surface water was the source of infestation in Pevensey Bay. In Gdansk A. aquaticus probably penetrated the water distribution system with surface water getting into a leaky collecting well receiving groundwater from a chalk aquifer. The presence of organic matter in water entering the systems seemed to favour the infestation. Chemical treatment with pyrethrins (Pevensey Bay) and peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide preparation (Gdansk) was used. The concentration of pyrethrins was 10 (g/dm3 and the average dose of peracetic acid was 4 mg/dm3. Both chemical treatments were found quite effective, however, some sections of the (much larger than Pevensey Bay) distribution network in Gdansk were not completely cleaned of the infestation.

scholarly journals Community-Level Resource Development and Management, Part 1: A Transferable Approach to the Analysis of Community Water Distribution System Expansion

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan McWalter Richardson ◽  
Kendra V. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Rural Tanzania ◽  
Open Source Software Package ◽  
Development And Management

Access to water is extremely important in schools around the world, where students spend most of their day. As schools expand, particularly in areas with limited water resources, it is necessary to develop and manage water resources to ensure their sustainability. In this article we describe a method of analyzing water piping distribution networks using an open-source software package that allows practitioners to model the increased demands on water distribution systems associated with school growth. The methodology was then applied to the case study of a community-level water distribution system in rural Tanzania. This method is valuable because it is both condensed and easy to follow for those in the field with or without technical backgrounds. Minimal tools are needed for practitioners to develop their own system models (only a GPS, tape measurer, bucket, stopwatch and access to a computer with the software downloaded). Overall, this condensed written resource is more accessible than others available to many practitioners and thus improves the ease of modeling for pre-planning and analysis of expansion or other water distribution system modifications.

Low-cost sensor system based on LoraWAN for monitoring water distribution systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Roclawski ◽  
Thomas Krätzig ◽  
Benjamin Dewals ◽  
Laurent Vercouter ◽  
Aloysio Saliba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Smart Sensors ◽  
The Internet

<p>In the research project Iot.H2O, which is funded under the Water JPI Joint Call 2017 IC4WATER, the potential of the Internet of Things concept is investigated for monitoring and controlling water distribution systems. Smart sensors are used which send data via LoraWAN to gateways which are connected to the Internet. The aim of the project is to use low-cost sensors and open-source software.</p><p>In the presentation, a prototype on a laboratory scale will be shown. The design of the monitoring system will be explained in detail and compared to the design of standard SCADA systems. Results on a pump test rig based on a laboratory scale will be shown as well as first results of field tests in a real water distribution system in Germany.</p><p>The presentation will also detail how data gathered through the smart sensors will be integrated into software modelling and optimization of water distribution systems. Combined with the new data, such tools offer a range of applications of practical relevance, such as the identification of optimal locations of micro-turbines for energy recovery in water distribution networks and the estimation of water demand throughout the network.</p>

Resistance of Legionella to disinfection in hot water distribution systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Saby ◽  
A. Vidal ◽  
H. Suty
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Alarm Systems ◽  
Treatment Shock

The efficiency of various disinfection treatments against Legionella was tested on a hot water distribution system (HWDS) pilot unit. The results demonstrated clearly that most Legionella in the networks were fixed in the biofilm at the surface of the pipe (more than 98% for each loop). Chemical treatments (continuous chlorination, hyperchlorination, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid mixing) commonly used for the eradication of Legionella in hot water distribution networks appeared to be inadequate for eradicating the bacteria in the biofilm. Unfortunately, the biofilm contained most of the pathogens in an HWDS whereas legislation is only restricted to the Legionella concentration in the water phase. Thermal treatment appeared to be efficient to disinfect most of the biofilm but seemed to promote the biofilm re-growth as well. It was then concluded that the best solution to prevent Legionella contamination in hot water distribution systems would be to have perfect control of the temperature in the networks (temperature > 55°C at all points). Nevertheless, in many cases it is difficult to have such control, so during the time necessary to modify networks, the best solution to control Legionella proliferation appears to be to apply a treatment shock (thermal or chlorination as a function of pipe characteristics). These treatments must be followed by a continuous chlorination that is totally controlled and equipped with alarm systems. This study demonstrates that biofilm sampling devices must be installed in hot water distribution systems to anticipate Legionella contamination and correctly determine the efficiency of the treatments.

Analisis Hidrolis dan Jejak Karbon Jaringan Distribusi Air Bersih di Pulau Kecil Padat Penduduk (Pulau Lengkang Kecil, Kota Batam)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizki Apritama ◽  
I Wayan Koko Suryawan ◽  
Yosef Adicita
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Centralized Wastewater Treatment

ABSTRACTThe clean water supply system network on Lengkang Kecil Island was developed in 2019. A small portion of the community's freshwater comes from harvesting rainwater and dug wells, which are only obtained during the rainy season. The primary source of clean water used by the community comes from underwater pipelines with a daily discharge of 0.86 l/sec. The water supply of the Lengkang Kecil Island community is 74.3 m3/day, with 146 House Connections (HCs) and to serve public facilities such as elementary schools, primary health centers, and mosques. Hydraulic evaluation of clean water distribution using EPANET 2.0 software on flow velocity shows the lowest rate of 0.29 m/s and the highest of 1.21 m/s. The lowest pressure value in the distribution system is 6.94-6.96 m and headloss units in the range 0.08-0.25 m/km. These three criteria are still within the distribution network design criteria (feasible). A carbon footprint can be calculated from each activity from the analysis of the evaluation of clean water distribution networks. The most massive emissions came from pumping activities with 131 kg CO2-eq, followed by emissions from wastewater 62.5 kgCO2-eq. Further research is needed to determine the quality of wastewater and the design for a centralized wastewater treatment plant (IPALT) to improve Lengkang Kecil Island residents' living standards.Keywords: Lengkang Kecil Island, water, EPANET, carbon footprintABSTRAKJaringan sistem penyediaan air bersih pada Pulau Lengkang Kecil dimulai pada tahun 2019. Sebagian kecil air bersih yang digunakan masyarakat berasal dari pemanenan air hujan dan sumur gali yang hanya didapat pada musim hujan. Sumber air bersih utama yang digunakan masyarakat berasal dari pengaliran perpipaan bawah laut dengan debit harian 0,86 l/detik. Kebutuhan air masyarakat Pulau Lengkang Kecil adalah 74,3 m3/hari dengan 146 Sambungan Rumah (SR) serta untuk melayani fasilitas umum seperti sekolah dasar (SD), puskesmas, dan masjid. Evaluasi hidrolis distribusi air bersih dengan menggunakan software EPANET 2.0 terhadap kriteria kecepatan aliran menunjukkan nilai terendah 0,29 m/s dan tertinggi 1,21 m/s. Nilai sisa tekan dalam sistem distribusi adalah 6,94–6,96 m dan unit headloss pada kisaran 0,08–0,25 m/km. Ketiga kriteria ini masih berada dalam kriteria desain jaringan distribusi (layak). Dari analisis evaluasi jaringan distribusi air bersih, dapat dihitung jejak karbon yang dihasilkan dari setiap kegiatannya. Emisi terbesar berasal dari kegiatan pemompaan dengan nilai 131 kgCO2-eq, diikuti dengan emisi yang berasal dari air limbah dengan nilai 62,5 kgCO2-eq. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengetahui kualitas dari air limbah dan desain untuk instalasi pengolahan air limbah terpusat (IPALT) untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup penduduk Pulau Lengkang Kecil.Kata kunci: Pulau Lengkang Kecil, air, EPANET, jejak karbon

Unit Template Based Control of PV-DSTATCOM

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Gunjan Varshney ◽  
Durg S. Chauhan ◽  
Madhukar P. Dave ◽  
Nitin
Keyword(s):  
Power Quality ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Photovoltaic Array ◽  
Quality Issues ◽  
Static Compensator

Background: In modern electrical power distribution systems, Power Quality has become an important concern due to the escalating use of automatic, microprocessor and microcontroller based end user applications. Methods: In this paper, power quality improvement has done using Photovoltaic based Distribution Static Compensator (PV-DSTATCOM). Complete simulation modelling and control of Photovoltaic based Distribution Static Compensator have been provided in the presented paper. In this configuration, DSTATCOM is fed by solar photovoltaic array and PV module is also helpful to maintain the DC link voltage. The switching of PV-STATCOM is controlled by Unit template based control theory. Results: The performance of PV-DSTATCOM has been evaluated for Unity Power Factor (UPF) and AC Voltage Control (ACVC) modes. Here, for studying the power quality issues three-phase distribution system is considered and results have been verified through simulation based on MATLAB software. Conclusion: Different power quality issues and their improvement are studied and presented here for harmonic reduction, DC voltage regulation and power factor correction.

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