Microbial Desalination Cells for Low Energy Drinking Water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Arévalo ◽  
Juan Manuel Ortiz ◽  
Eduard Borràs-Camps ◽  
Victor Monsalvo-Garcia ◽  
Maria D. Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electrochemical Reactor ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
External Energy ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Pre Treatment

The world's largest demonstrator of a revolutionary energy system in desalination for drinking water production is in operation. MIDES uses Microbial Desalination Cells (MDC) in a pre-treatment step for reverse osmosis (RO), for simultaneous saline stream desalination and wastewater treatment. MDCs are based on bio-electro-chemical technology, in which biological wastewater treatment can be coupled to the desalination of a saline stream using ion exchange membranes without external energy input. MDCs simultaneously treat wastewater and perform desalination using the energy contained in the wastewater. In fact, an MDC can produce around 1.8 kWh of bioelectricity from the energy contained in 1 m3 of wastewater. Compared to traditional RO, more than 3 kWh/m3 of electrical energy is saved. With this novel technology, two low-quality water streams (saline stream, wastewater) are transformed into two high-quality streams (desalinated water, treated wastewater) suitable for further uses. An exhaustive scaling-up process was carried out in which all MIDES partners worked together on nanostructured electrodes, antifouling membranes, electrochemical reactor design and optimization, life cycle assessment, microbial electrochemistry and physiology expertise, and process engineering and control. The roadmap of the lab-MDC upscaling goes through the assembly of a pre-pilot MDC, towards the development of the demonstrator of the MDC technology (patented). Nominal desalination rate between 4-11 Lm-2h-1 is reached with a current efficiency of 40 %. After the scalability success, two MDC pilot plants were designed and constructed consisting of one stack of 15 MDC pilot units with a 0.4 m2 electrode area per unit. This book presents the information generated throughout the EU funded MIDES project and includes the latest developments related to desalination of sea water and brackish water by applying microbial desalination cells. ISBN: 9781789062113 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789062120 (eBook)

scholarly journals Fate and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Illegal Drugs Present in Drinking Water and Wastewater

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Szymonik ◽  
Joanna Lach ◽  
Krystyna Malińska
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Clofibric Acid ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Illegal Drugs

Abstract Rapid development of pharmaceutical industry, and thus widespread availability of different types of therapeutical and increased intake of pharmaceuticals, results in elevated concentrations of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater subjected to treatment in wastewater treatment plants. Pharmaceuticals present in raw wastewater discharged from hospitals, households, veterinary and health care clinics eventually end up in wastewater treatment plants. Commonly applied methods for treating wastewater do not allow complete removal of these contaminants. As a consequence, pharmaceuticals still present in treated wastewater are introduced to water environment. The most frequently identified pharmaceuticals in surface water belong to the following groups: non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, beta-blockers, estrogens and lipid regulators. The most difficult is removal of diclofenac, clofibric acid and carbamazepine as these substances show low biodegradability. Diclofenac can be removed in the process of wastewater treatment by 40%, carbamazepine by 10%, and clofibric acid from 26 to 50%. The presence of diclofenac sodium in the rivers in Poland was confirmed and the concentrations were following: 380 ng/dm3 (the Warta river), 470 ng/dm3 (the Odra river), 140 ng/dm3 (the Vistula river). Naproxene was found in the Warta river at the concentration of 100 ng/dm3. The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface water can be toxic to aqueous microorganisms and fish. Recent studies confirmed also the presence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. This is considered as a problem especially in urban agglomerations such as Berlin or large cities in Spain and China. The studies showed that pharmaceuticals were also identified in the samples taken from the Polish rivers and drinking water. The presence of naproxene and diclofenac at the concentrations of 13 and 4 ng/dm3 was identified in drinking water sampled from water intakes in Poznan. Surface water and drinking water showed also the presence of illegal drugs.

Wastewater Treatment/Reuse in Rural Areas

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atallah S. Kuttab
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drainage Field

Proper hygiene leading to good health, in urban as well as rural communities, requires that the consumption of drinking water is raised to acceptable levels (UN organizations put it at 40 liters/cap/day). The increase of water availability necessitates the provision of sewage drainage facilities. Urban areas are normally provided with sewerage schemes (sewer lines, treatment plants, etc.). However, it is unrealistic and not cost feasible to construct such sophisticated systems in villages. This is due to limited resources of public funds available to the responsible government agencies. In rural areas, the provision of utilities to drain sewage in a safe way lags behind the provision of water for household activities, including drinking water. This creates severe contamination to the environment of the various villages and reduces the impact of water on the improvement of health. An appropriate wastewater treatment/reuse system, called the Subsurface Drainage Technique (SDT), is described here which was successfully applied, by Save the Children/USA, in several villages on the Israeli Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. The system is applicable for individual households with land available in their immediate vicinity. It consists of a watertight septic tank, where primary treatment occurred, followed by a subsurface drainage field in which the secondary treatment took place. The treated wastewater in the drainage field allowed indirect irrigation (below ground level) for surface plants. Local materials were adopted for the construction of the SDT. Villagers themselves were trained to build the various units and therefore were able to maintain their efficient performance. Ongoing monitoring of the plants grown in the drainage field and the testing for bacteriological contamination ensures the safe performance of the technology.

scholarly journals Reuse of Treated Wastewater in the Manufacture of Concrete: Major Challenge of Environmental Preservation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra Bouaich ◽  
Walid Maherzi ◽  
Fadoua Elhajjaji ◽  
Nor-Edine Abriak ◽  
Mahfoud Ben Zarzour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reuse Of Treated Wastewater ◽  
Mixing Water

Abstract This work concerns the reuse of treated wastewater from Er-Rachidia wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the mixing of ordinary B25 concrete, in order to reduce the overexploitation of groundwater, avoid its discharge into watercourses and reduce the risk of environmental pollution due to its mineral and organic matter load. In this respect, Tree types of mixing water were used in this study: Drinking Water (DW), Groundwater (GW) and Treated Wastewater (TW). The results recorded for each type of mixing water, in the fresh and hardened state of concretes, are then compared with the requirements of the standards. The obtained results show that the treated wastewater does not have any adverse effect upon the quality of the concrete; it has shown an improvement of the mechanical resistance from the first stage, a similar density, setting time and porosity and a slight decrease of the workability compared with the control concrete. A One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% significance level indicated no significant difference between concrete samples produced and cured with treated wastewater and control samples at ages 7, 14, 28 and 90 days. Throughout this study the substitution of drinking water by treated wastewater will help to minimize the need for its use. Additionally, it saves drinking water for consumption and makes wastewater treatment plants more economically attractive, together with other similar goals for sustainable development.

Wastewater treatment from a motor-oil reforming company using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
P. Drillia ◽  
M. Kornaros ◽  
G. Lyberatos
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Open Trench

The main aim of this work was to study the ability of an aerobically operated sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to effectively treat the wastewaters produced by a motor-oil reforming company. In fact, the most important goal was to substantially reduce the organic load of these wastewaters before their disposal to an open trench, since the currently installed wastewater treatment plant, that includes an API separator followed by physico-chemical pre-treatment and an oxidation ditch, has proved today to be completely inefficient. The wastewater to be treated was mainly composed of five different streams from various points of the motor-oil reforming plant (e.g. gas washing tanks, cooling pumps, used motor oils holding tanks, etc). The major problem faced in this work was the high organic load (about 12,000 mg COD/L) and the free and dissolved oil contained in the wastewater (around 6-7%). Moreover, two of the streams, contributing to the mixed wastewater up to 30%, were unable to sustain dissolved oxygen and unfortunately their mixing with the other three streams resulted in the same detrimental effect. Therefore, experiments were conducted using either three or all of the contributing streams. The mixed wastewater was fed to the reactor either untreated or pre-treated with ceramic membranes in order to exclude all the free and dissolved oil. The application of pre-treated wastewater with membranes to the SBR system resulted in 75.2% and 81.9% total and dissolved COD reduction, respectively.

Planning of wastewater treatment and disposal systems of Istanbul metropolitan area

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Eroglu ◽  
H. Z. Sarikaya ◽  
A. F. Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
Treatment And Disposal

Current and future wastewater treatment and disposal strategies of Istanbul city are presented. Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey and has a population of 10 million that may reach about 20 million in 2032. The city is divided into Asian and European sides by the Bosphorus Strait. The Sea of Marmara is an enclosed sea, connected to the Black Sea and Aegean Sea by the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Therefore, there is very strong and permanent stratification in the Sea of Marmara throughout the year, lower layers carrying Mediterranean and the upper layers carrying Black Sea water. This unique coastal structure of Istanbul necessitated a detailed study to determine the level of wastewater treatment and the location and depth of marine outfalls. A comprehensive three-dimensional water quality modelling study concluded that tertiary treatment including nitrogen and phosphorus removal is required for the effluent discharges into the Marmara Sea. However, enhanced primary or even primary treatment has been found satisfactory for discharges into the lower layers of the Bosphorus and into the Black Sea. Provisions for upgrading to secondary treatment were recommended. The status of existing and planned wastewater treatment plants and sea outfalls of Istanbul city are also presented. Although the amount of treated wastewater was only 63 percent in 1998, a target of 95 percent treatment level by the end of 2000 has been adopted in implementation plans. All treatment plants are located at or close to the coast except Pasakoy WWTP which is in the catchment area of Omerli Reservoir, the major source of drinking water for Istanbul city. The Pasakoy WWTP has been designed to treat wastewaters collected from the catchment area of Omerli Reservoir to tertiary level before ultimate disposal. The implementation programme together with the cost estimates are given. Total investment on water, wastewater and stormwater projects up to year 2032 is estimated at about 10 billion US Dollars. The share of the wastewater projects in this total is increasing with time. The financial analysis concluded that investments for a Higher Demand Scenario can be realised by raising the water tariffs to 1.0 $/m3 for Phase 1 and 0.9 $/m3 for Phase 2.

scholarly journals Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Cruise Ship

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Baldi ◽  
Fredrik Ahlgren ◽  
Tuong-Van Nguyen ◽  
Marcus Thern ◽  
Karin Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
The Baltic

In recent years, the International Maritime Organization agreed on aiming to reduce shipping’s greenhouse gas emissions by 50% with respect to 2009 levels. Meanwhile, cruise ship tourism is growing at a fast pace, making the challenge of achieving this goal even harder. The complexity of the energy system of these ships makes them of particular interest from an energy systems perspective. To illustrate this, we analyzed the energy and exergy flow rates of a cruise ship sailing in the Baltic Sea based on measurements from one year of the ship’s operations. The energy analysis allows identifying propulsion as the main energy user (46% of the total) followed by heat (27%) and electric power (27%) generation; the exergy analysis allowed instead identifying the main inefficiencies of the system: while exergy is primarily destroyed in all processes involving combustion (76% of the total), the other main causes of exergy destruction are the turbochargers, the heat recovery steam generators, the steam heaters, the preheater in the accommodation heating systems, the sea water coolers, and the electric generators; the main exergy losses take place in the exhaust gas of the engines not equipped with heat recovery devices. The application of clustering of the ship’s operations based on the concept of typical operational days suggests that the use of five typical days provides a good approximation of the yearly ship’s operations and can hence be used for the design and optimization of the energy systems of the ship.

Study of the operation of an artificial neural network that works in the electric network in order to prevent emergency conditions.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
D. Ostrenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Electric Network ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Emergency Situations

Emergency modes in electrical networks, arising for various reasons, lead to a break in the transmission of electrical energy on the way from the generating facility to the consumer. In most cases, such time breaks are unacceptable (the degree depends on the class of the consumer). Therefore, an effective solution is to both deal with the consequences, use emergency input of the reserve, and prevent these emergency situations by predicting events in the electric network. After analyzing the source [1], it was concluded that there are several methods for performing the forecast of emergency situations in electric networks. It can be: technical analysis, operational data processing (or online analytical processing), nonlinear regression methods. However, it is neural networks that have received the greatest application for solving these tasks. In this paper, we analyze existing neural networks used to predict processes in electrical systems, analyze the learning algorithm, and propose a new method for using neural networks to predict in electrical networks. Prognostication in electrical engineering plays a key role in shaping the balance of electricity in the grid, influencing the choice of mode parameters and estimated electrical loads. The balance of generation of electricity is the basis of technological stability of the energy system, its violation affects the quality of electricity (there are frequency and voltage jumps in the network), which reduces the efficiency of the equipment. Also, the correct forecast allows to ensure the optimal load distribution between the objects of the grid. According to the experience of [2], different methods are usually used for forecasting electricity consumption and building customer profiles, usually based on the analysis of the time dynamics of electricity consumption and its factors, the identification of statistical relationships between features and the construction of models.

Improving the biological stability of drinking water by ion exchange

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grefte ◽  
M. Dignum ◽  
S. A. Baghoth ◽  
E. R. Cornelissen ◽  
L. C. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Biological Stability ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Pre Treatment

To guarantee a good water quality at the consumer’s tap, natural organic matter (NOM) should be (partly) removed during drinking water treatment. The objective of this research is to measure the effect of NOM removal by ion exchange on the biological stability of drinking water. Experiments were performed in two lanes of the pilot plant of Weesperkarspel in the Netherlands. The lanes consisted of ozonation, softening, biological activated carbon filtration and slow sand filtration. Ion exchange in fluidized form was used as pre-treatment in one lane and removed 50% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC); the other lane was used as reference. Compared to the reference lane, the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) concentration of the finished water in the lane pretreated by ion exchange was 61% lower. The biofilm formation rate of the finished water was decreased with 70% to 2.0 pg ATP/cm2.day. The achieved concentration of AOC and the values of the biofilm formation rate with ion exchange pre-treatment showed that the biological stability of drinking water can be improved by extending a treatment plant with ion exchange, especially when ozonation is involved as disinfection and oxidation step.

Environmental Impact Evaluation of Istanbul Wastewater Treatment and Marine Disposal Systems

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ozturk ◽  
T. Zambal ◽  
A. Samsunlu ◽  
E. Göknel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Sea Of Marmara ◽  
General Evaluation ◽  
Marine Outfall ◽  
Secondary Stage ◽  
Pre Treatment

Metropolitan Istanbul Wastewater Treatment System contains 14 marine outfalls, seven of which include secondary stage biological treatment processes. The others have only mechanical treatment units including bar screens and grit chambers. Only one mechanical pre-treatment and marine disposal system, Yenikapi plant, has been operated since 1988 among these 14 plants and six of them are ready for construction. In this paper, the environmental impact of Yenikapi pretreatment and marine disposal system on the water quality of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara has been investigated. Long term water quality measurements which were performed in pre-and post-dischange applications have been evaluated. Water quality parameters including pH, DO, BODs, TKN, P and total coliforms were measured at various sampling stations around the discharge points. A general evaluation of marine outfall systems to be constructed in the scope of Istanbul wastewater treatment project, on the water quality of the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus has been presented.

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