scholarly journals The role of plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in response to biotic and abiotic environmental factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kulaeva ◽  
Marina Kliukova ◽  
Alexey Afonin ◽  
Anton Sulima ◽  
Vladimir Zhukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Cascade Reactions ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
High Or Low Temperature

Plants are continuously exposed to various biotic and abiotic factors that may trigger cascade reactions aimed at maintaining homeostasis. One of the most important components of plant protection from biotic factors is the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are a large group of peptides present in insects, animals and plants. Plant innate immunity is provided by AMPs from different families that are categorized according to sequence similarity, the number and order of amino acid residues, and the tertiary structure of the mature peptide. AMPs may also participate in plant response to abiotic stresses such as high salinity, drought, high or low temperature, and heavy metals. In nitrogen-fixing nodules of some members of the Fabaceae family, AMP-like molecules named NCR peptides promote the differentiation of the symbiotic bacteria into bacteroids. Thus, AMPs are used by plants for fine tuning their responses to biotic and abiotic factors alike.

Mutational Analysis of Two Stefin A Epitopes

1999 ◽  
Vol 380 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kopitar-Jerala ◽  
R. Jerala ◽  
B. Turk ◽  
F. Gubensek ◽  
V. Turk
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Stefin A ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

AbstractStefin A, an intracellular inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, is expressed most abundantly in epithelial cells and in cells of lymphatic origin. In order to study its role in normal and pathological conditions we have prepared and characterized monoclonal antibodies against recombinant stefin A. Two high affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (A22 and C52) were tested for binding to free and papain-complexed stefin A and to a chimeric inhibitor, consisting of 61 amino acid residues of stefin A and 37 carboxy-terminal residues of stefin B. mAb A22 recognized not only free stefin A but also stefin A in complex with papain. The mAbs were further tested for their cross-reactivity against stefin A and B isolated from different mammalian species. On the basis of sequence similarity and tertiary structure of human stefin A we have prepared three mutants–Glu33Lys, Asp61Gly and Asn62Tyr–and their reactivity with the mAbs was tested. The binding affinities of mAb A22 for the Asp61Gly and Asn62Tyr mutants were significantly lower, indicating that the two amino acids are part of the stefin A epitope recognized by A22. The binding of both mAbs to the mutants Gly4Arg and Gly4Glu was comparable to wild-type stefin A.

scholarly journals Status and prospects of plant protection from pests in megapolis

2020 ◽  
pp. 209-221
Author(s):  
P. Chumak ◽  
S. Vigera ◽  
О. Strygun ◽  
О. Goncharenko ◽  
О. Anol
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Methods Analytical

Goal. Conduct screening of modern data on the state of plant protection and its own studies of phytophagus pests of wood plants in the conditions of the metropolis of Ukraine. Methods. Analytical methods and faunistic screening of data literary sources are used on the issue of phytophagus pests of Ukraine. Results. The substantiation of the concept of preventive creation of sustainable urbotocenoses for the use of a wide range of ethnic and introduced species of plants with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors has been carried out. The theoretical basis of plant protection should be a preventive system based on the use of environmental protection methods with the restriction of the use of pesticides. Planning for preventive ecologically directed protection of plants from pests should begin with obtaining information about the crop and its varieties (hygrothermal regime of crop cultivation, plant resistance to harmful phytophagous species of this crop, determination of the effect of attractive or antifeeding properties of the crop on entomophages that can be used). The next stage is data on the species composition of phytophages, pests — vectors of causative agents of viral diseases of a given culture and pests that are capable of forming hemipopulations (features of the dynamics of their number, the succession series of their dominance in the process of plant growth and development). Selection of entomophages and determination of their ability to reproduce on an alternative type of food. Based on the preliminary information received, a decision is made to create a multicomponent entomocenosis in plantations before the start of plant development. In order to obtain current information, the phytosanitary state of woody plants is regularly monitored (every 20—30 days) and the dynamics of the number of components of the created useful entomocenosis, as well as a decision is made to replace or supplement its joints. Conclusions. In developing the concept of the formation and functioning of sustainable umbilical phytocoenoses with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of damage to little ethnic and introduced species of plants with harmful organisms. Creation of sustainable urbotocenoses with increased resistance to biotic and abiotic factors has an important environmental and economic significance. The theoretical basis of protection of urbothocoenoses should be based on natural plant protection systems based on the use of environmental methods with the restriction of the use of pesticides.

Harnessing methylation and AdoMet-utilising enzymes for selective modification in cascade reactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freideriki Michailidou ◽  
Andrea Rentmeister
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Cascade Reactions ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Wide Range

Enzyme-mediated methylation is a very important reaction in nature, yielding a wide range of modified natural products, diversifying small molecules and fine-tuning the activity of biomacromolecules. The field has attracted...

scholarly journals Flow cytometric measurements as a proxy for sporulation intensity in the cultured macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omri Nahor ◽  
Cristina F. Morales-Reyes ◽  
Gianmaria Califano ◽  
Thomas Wichard ◽  
Alexander Golberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Seaweed Cultivation ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Abiotic Stimuli ◽  
Fundamental Shift

Abstract Controlling the life cycle of the green macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta) is essential to maintain its efficient aquaculture. A fundamental shift in cultivation occurs by transforming the thallus cells into gametangia and sporangia (sporulation), with the subsequent release of gametes and zoids. Sporulation occurrence depends on algal age and abiotic stimuli and is controlled by sporulation inhibitors. Thus, quantification of sporulation intensity is critical for identifying the biotic and abiotic factors that influence the transition to reproductive growth. Here, we propose to determine the sporulation index by measuring the number of released gametes using flow cytometry, in proportion to the total number of thallus cells present before the occurrence of the sporulation event. The flow cytometric measurements were validated by manually counting the number of released gametes. We observed a variation in the autofluorescence levels of the gametes which were released from the gametangia. High autofluorescence level correlated to phototactically active behaviour of the gametes. As autofluorescence levels varied between different groups of gametes related to their mobility, flow cytometry can also determine the physiological status of the gametes used as feedstock in seaweed cultivation.

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