scholarly journals THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS OF ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES AGAINST THE EFFICACY OF Trichoderma viride FOR CONTROLLING GRAY MOLD OF ONION CAUSED BY Botrytis cinerea

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1157-1163
Author(s):  
Z. El-Gali ◽  
N. Mohamed ◽  
A. Larbud
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Antifungal Properties

scholarly journals Investigation of the role of AcTPR2 in kiwifruit and its response to Botrytis cinerea infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhexin Li ◽  
Jian-Bin Lan ◽  
Yi-Qing Liu ◽  
Li-Wang Qi ◽  
Jianmin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormones

Abstract Background: Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of kiwifruit response to gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea can provide the basis for its molecular breeding to impart resistance against this disease. In this study, 'Hongyang' kiwifruit served as the experimental material; the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) co-repressor gene AcTPR2 was cloned into a pTRV2 vector (AcTPR2-TRV) and the virus-induced gene silencing technique was used to establish the functions of the AcTPR2 gene in kiwifruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea.Results: Virus-induced silencing of AcTPR2 enhanced the susceptibility of kiwifruit to Botrytis cinerea. Defensive enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and endogenous phytohormones such as indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) were detected. Kiwifruit activated these enzymes and endogenous phytohormones in response to pathogen-induced stress and injury. The expression levels of the IAA signaling genes—AcNIT, AcARF1, and AcARF2—were higher in the AcTPR2-TRV treatment group than in the control. The IAA levels were higher and the rot phenotype was more severe in AcTPR2-TRV kiwifruits than that in the control. These results suggested that AcTPR2 downregulation promotes expression of IAA and IAA signaling genes and accelerates postharvest kiwifruit senescence. Further, Botrytis cinerea dramatically upregulated AcTPR2, indicating that AcTPR2 augments kiwifruit defense against pathogens by downregulating the IAA and IAA signaling genes.Conclusions: The results of the present study could help clarify the regulatory mechanisms of disease resistance in kiwifruit and furnish genetic resources for molecular breeding of kiwifruit disease resistance.

scholarly journals Investigation of the role of AcTPR2 in kiwifruit and its response to Botrytis cinerea infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhexin Li ◽  
Jian-Bin Lan ◽  
Yi-Qing Liu ◽  
Li-Wang Qi ◽  
Jianmin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormones

Abstract Background: Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of kiwifruit response to gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea can provide the basis for its molecular breeding to impart resistance against this disease. In this study, 'Hongyang' kiwifruit served as the experimental material; the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) co-repressor gene AcTPR2 was cloned into a pTRV2 vector (AcTPR2-TRV) and the virus-induced gene silencing technique was used to establish the functions of the AcTPR2 gene in kiwifruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea.Results: Virus-induced silencing of AcTPR2 enhanced the susceptibility of kiwifruit to Botrytis cinerea. Defensive enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and endogenous phytohormones such as indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) were detected. Kiwifruit activated these enzymes and endogenous phytohormones in response to pathogen-induced stress and injury. The expression levels of the IAA signaling genes—AcNIT, AcARF1, and AcARF2—were higher in the AcTPR2-TRV treatment group than in the control. The IAA levels were higher and the rot phenotype was more severe in AcTPR2-TRV kiwifruits than that in the control. These results suggested that AcTPR2 downregulation promotes expression of IAA and IAA signaling genes and accelerates postharvest kiwifruit senescence. Further, Botrytis cinerea dramatically upregulated AcTPR2, indicating that AcTPR2 augments kiwifruit defense against pathogens by downregulating the IAA and IAA signaling genes.Conclusions: The results of the present study could help clarify the regulatory mechanisms of disease resistance in kiwifruit and furnish genetic resources for molecular breeding of kiwifruit disease resistance.

scholarly journals The Use of Plant Extracts to Inhibit the Growth of Gray Rot Caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on Grapes

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-446
Author(s):  
Raluca MICLEA ◽  
Loredana SUCIU ◽  
Carmen PUIA
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Biological Methods

Botrytis cinerea Pers. specie infects a large number of host plants in a variety of environmental conditions. Grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. can cause dieback and decay of most plant parts, and a huge number of plant species can be affected including vegetables, soft fruits, ornamental plants and vine. The chemical control of plant diseases records a decrease and the biological control of plant diseases through herbal extracts gains more and more importance. Given the above mentioned facts and the fact that gray mold has a negative impact on the yield and quality of harvest this paper mainly aims at studying the control of gray mold by biological methods - hydroalcoholic extracts; the effect of different plant extracts on the emergence and development of mycelium.

scholarly journals The Role of G Protein Alpha Subunits in the Infection Process of the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1293-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schulze Gronover ◽  
Daniela Kasulke ◽  
Paul Tudzynski ◽  
Bettina Tudzynski
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Colony Morphology ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mold Fungus ◽  
Protease Secretion

To identify signal transduction pathways of the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea involved in host infection, we used heterologous hybridization and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach to isolate two genes (bcg1 and bcg2) encoding α subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. Both genes have homologues in other fungi: bcg1 is a member of the Gαi class, whereas bcg2 has similarities to the magC gene of Magnaporthe grisea and the gna-2 gene of Neurospora crassa. Reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR experiments showed clearly that both genes are expressed at very early stages in infected bean leaves. Gene replacement experiments were performed for both genes. bcg1 null mutants differ in colony morphology from the wild-type strain, do not secrete extracellular proteases, and show clearly reduced pathogenicity on bean and tomato. Conidia germination and penetration of plant tissue is not disturbed in bcg1 mutants, but the infection process stops after formation of primary lesions. In contrast, bcg2 mutants show wild-type colony morphology in axenic culture and are only slightly reduced in pathogenicity. Complementation of bcg1 mutants with the wild-type gene copy led to the full recovery of colony morphology, protease secretion, and pathogenicity on both host plants. Application of exogenous cyclic AMP restored the wild-type growth pattern of bcg1 mutants, but not the protease secretion, implicating an essential role of BCG1 in different signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Investigation of the role of AcTPR2 in kiwifruit and its response to Botrytis cinerea infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhexin Li ◽  
Jian-Bin Lan ◽  
Yi-Qing Liu ◽  
Li-Wang Qi ◽  
Jianmin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormones

Abstract Background Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of kiwifruit response to gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea can provide the basis for its molecular breeding to impart resistance against this disease. In this study, 'Hongyang' kiwifruit served as the experimental material; the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) co-repressor gene AcTPR2 was cloned into a pTRV2 vector (AcTPR2-TRV) and the virus-induced gene silencing technique was used to establish the functions of the AcTPR2 gene in kiwifruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Results Virus-induced silencing of AcTPR2 enhanced the susceptibility of kiwifruit to Botrytis cinerea. Defensive enzymes such as SOD, POD, CAT, and PAL and endogenous phytohormones such as IAA, GA, ABA, and SA were detected. Kiwifruit activated these enzymes and endogenous phytohormones in response to pathogen-induced stress and injury. The expression levels of the IAA signaling genes—AcNIT, AcARF1, and AcARF2—were higher in the AcTPR2-TRV treatment group than in the control. The IAA levels were higher and the rot phenotype was more severe in AcTPR2-TRV kiwifruits than that in the control. These results suggested that AcTPR2 downregulation promotes expression of IAA and IAA signaling genes and accelerates postharvest kiwifruit senescence. Further, Botrytis cinerea dramatically upregulated AcTPR2, indicating that AcTPR2 augments kiwifruit defense against pathogens by downregulating the IAA and IAA signaling genes. Conclusions The results of the present study could help clarify the regulatory mechanisms of disease resistance in kiwifruit and furnish genetic resources for molecular breeding of kiwifruit disease resistance.

scholarly journals Investigation of the role of AcTPR2 in kiwifruit and its response to Botrytis cinerea infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhexin Li ◽  
Jian-Bin Lan ◽  
Yi-Qing Liu ◽  
Li-Wang Qi ◽  
Jianmin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Endogenous Phytohormones

Abstract Background: Elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of kiwifruit response to gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea can provide the basis for its molecular breeding to impart resistance against this disease. In this study, 'Hongyang' kiwifruit served as the experimental material; the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) co-repressor gene AcTPR2 was cloned into a pTRV2 vector (AcTPR2-TRV) and the virus-induced gene silencing technique was used to establish the functions of the AcTPR2 gene in kiwifruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea.Results: Virus-induced silencing of AcTPR2 enhanced the susceptibility of kiwifruit to Botrytis cinerea. Defensive enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and endogenous phytohormones such as indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) were detected. Kiwifruit activated these enzymes and endogenous phytohormones in response to pathogen-induced stress and injury. The expression levels of the IAA signaling genes—AcNIT, AcARF1, and AcARF2—were higher in the AcTPR2-TRV treatment group than in the control. The IAA levels were higher and the rot phenotype was more severe in AcTPR2-TRV kiwifruits than that in the control. These results suggested that AcTPR2 downregulation promotes expression of IAA and IAA signaling genes and accelerates postharvest kiwifruit senescence. Further, Botrytis cinerea dramatically upregulated AcTPR2, indicating that AcTPR2 augments kiwifruit defense against pathogens by downregulating the IAA and IAA signaling genes.Conclusions: The results of the present study could help clarify the regulatory mechanisms of disease resistance in kiwifruit and furnish genetic resources for molecular breeding of kiwifruit disease resistance.

Characterization of Botrytis cinerea and B. prunorum from Healthy Floral Structures and Decayed ‘Hayward’ Kiwifruit During Post-Harvest Storage

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danae Riquelme ◽  
Zdenka Aravena ◽  
Hector Valdes ◽  
Bernardo Antonio Latorre ◽  
Gonzalo A Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Heat Shock Protein 60 ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Diseased Fruit ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Gray mold is the primary post-harvest disease of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in Chile, with a prevalence of 33.1% in 2016 and 7.1% in 2017. Gray mold develops during postharvest storage, which is characterized by a soft, light to brown watery decay that is caused by Botrytis cinerea and B. prunorum. However, there is no information related to the role of B. prunorum during the development and storage of kiwifruit in Chile. For this purpose, asymptomatic flowers and receptacles were collected throughout fruit development and harvest from five orchards over two seasons in the Central Valley of Chile. Additionally, diseased kiwifruits were selected after storage for 100 days at 0°C plus 2 days at 20° C. High (HCP) and low conidial production (LCP) colonies of Botrytis sp. were consistently obtained from apparently healthy petals, sepals, receptacles, styles, and diseased kiwifruit. Morphological and phylogenetic analysis using three partial gene sequences encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2) were able to identify and separate B. cinerea and B. prunorum species. Consistently, B. cinerea was predominantly isolated from all floral parts and fruit in apparently healthy tissue and diseased kiwifruit. During full bloom, the highest colonization by B. cinerea and B. prunorum was obtained from petals followed by sepals. In storage, both Botrytis species were isolated from the diseased fruit (n=644), of which 6.8% (n=44) were identified as B. prunorum. All Botrytis isolates grew from 0°C to 30°C in vitro and were pathogenic on kiwifruit leaves and fruit. Notably, B. cinerea isolates were always more virulent than B. prunorum isolates. This study confirms the presence of B. cinerea and B. prunorum colonizing apparently healthy flowers and floral parts in fruit and causing gray mold during kiwifruit storage in Chile. Therefore, B. prunorum plays a secondary role in the epidemiology of gray mold developing in kiwifruit during cold storage.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Against Foodborne Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4597
Author(s):  
Farhat Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Ayaz ◽  
Abdul Sadiq ◽  
Farman Ullah ◽  
Ishtiaq Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens

Foodborne diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in low-income countries with poor sanitation and inadequate healthcare facilities. The foremost bacterial pathogens responsible for global outbreaks include Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Vibrio, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. Among the viral and parasitic pathogens, norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Giardia lamblia, Trichinella spiralis, Toxoplasma and Entamoeba histolytica are commonly associated with foodborne diseases. The toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens also cause these infections. The currently available therapies for these infections are associated with various limited efficacy, high cost and side-effects. There is an urgent need for effective alternative therapies for the prevention and treatment of foodborne diseases. Several plant extracts and phytochemicals were found to be highly effective to control the growth of these pathogens causing foodborne infections in in vitro systems. The present review attempts to provide comprehensive scientific information on major foodborne pathogens and the potential role of phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of these infections. Further detailed studies are necessary to evaluate the activities of these extracts and phytochemicals along with their mechanism of action using in vivo models.

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