scholarly journals The nerve supply of the mammary gland

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (09) ◽  
pp. 6565-2021
Author(s):  
AMELIA FRANKE-RADOWIECKA
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Nerve Supply ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland

Proper development and functioning of the mammary gland depends not only on hormones, but also on the nervous system. The aim of this paper was to summarize the existing knowledge on the innervation of the mammary gland in various mammalian species, including domestic animals. In general, the pattern of innervation of this gland is similar in all studied species, i.e. large farm animals, rodents, dogs and beavers, as well as humans. Using the pan-neuronal marker of neural structures PGP-9.5, it was found that the mammary gland is well supplied with nerve fibres. Very rich innervation was discovered in the nipple, and less numerous nerve endings were found in the parenchyma. Nerve fibres supply the skin, especially the nipple, and many nerve terminals are associated with blood vessels and smooth muscles throughout the organ. Immunohistochemical investigations have made it possible to distinguish two major subpopulations of nerve fibres supplying the mammary gland. One of them consists of putative sensory fibres expressing CGRP, SP, GAL and/or PACAP, and the other is presumably composed of adrenergic axons containing TH, DBH, SOM and/or VIP. Studies on the sources of innervation of the mammary gland have confirmed assumptions about the nature of the nerve fibres and have revealed that they derive from the spinal ganglia (DRG) and sympathetic trunk ganglia (SChG). In the rat, mammary gland-projecting (MGP) neurons were also found in the nodose ganglion. So far, the rat and the pig have been tested most comprehensively for the sources of the mammary gland innervation. The MGP sensory neurons were observed ipsilaterally in several consecutive DRG, suggesting that the same neurons supply several successive glands. In the case of the SChG, it was found that MGP neurons are located, among others, in the L1-L4 ganglia, which constitute a specific „mammary gland nerve centre”. Previous studies on the sources of nerve supply to female reproductive organs have revealed that the SChG L1-L4 ganglia also contain nerve cells that project to the ovary, fallopian tube and uterus. Some clinical implications of the mammary gland innervation are also discussed.

scholarly journals Expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and neuropeptide Y in jejunal enteric nerves is altered in rabbits suffering from long term Trichinella spiralis infection: an immunohistochemical study

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 589-597
Author(s):  
M.B. Arciszewski ◽  
Z. Nowakowski ◽  
K. Wasowicz ◽  
J. Calka
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Enteric Nerves ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

In the early intestinal stage of infection with the nematode <I>Trichinella spiralis</I> alterations in gut motility and chemical code of enteric neurons are observed. The present study was designed to characterize the changes in expression pattern of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in enteric nerves of the rabbit jejunum occurring during long-lasting trichinellosis (35 and 42 days). Sections of the jejunum from healthy and <I>T. spiralis</I>-infected rabbits were processed for double immunocytochemistry in which antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 were used as a pan-neuronal marker and mixed with antisera raised against VIP, SP or NPY. At 35 and 42 days post infection a marked decrease of VIP-, SP- and NPY-immunoreactive (IR) jejunal myenteric neurons was found, whereas the expression of these neuropeptides in submucous neurons was unchanged. In the myenteric plexus and the jejunal circular muscle of <I>T. spiralis</I>-infected rabbits a significant reduction of VIP-IR (but not SP-IR) nerve fibres was noted. In the longitudinal muscle of the jejunum from animals with long-lasting trichinellosis the density of SP-IR nerve terminals was decreased, whereas the number of VIP-containing nerve fibres was unchanged. Long-lasting trichinellosis had no influence on NPY-IR nerve fibres in both circular and longitudinal smooth muscles. The number of NPY-positive (but not VIP- and SP-IR) nerve fibres supplying mucosa and blood vessels was decreased in <I>T. spiralis</I>-infected animals. These data indicate that during long-lasting trichinellosis expression of neuropeptides in jejunal enteric neurons is changed. A possible involvement of VIP and SP in persistent intestinal dysmotility and NPY in altered fluid secretion is discussed.

scholarly journals Mammary gland 3D cell culture systems in farm animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Finot ◽  
Eric Chanat ◽  
Frederic Dessauge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Cell Culture Systems

AbstractIn vivo study of tissue or organ biology in mammals is very complex and progress is slowed by poor accessibility of samples and ethical concerns. Fortunately, however, advances in stem cell identification and culture have made it possible to derive in vitro 3D “tissues” called organoids, these three-dimensional structures partly or fully mimicking the in vivo functioning of organs. The mammary gland produces milk, the source of nutrition for newborn mammals. Milk is synthesized and secreted by the differentiated polarized mammary epithelial cells of the gland. Reconstructing in vitro a mammary-like structure mimicking the functional tissue represents a major challenge in mammary gland biology, especially for farm animals for which specific agronomic questions arise. This would greatly facilitate the study of mammary gland development, milk secretion processes and pathological effects of viral or bacterial infections at the cellular level, all with the objective of improving milk production at the animal level. With this aim, various 3D cell culture models have been developed such as mammospheres and, more recently, efforts to develop organoids in vitro have been considerable. Researchers are now starting to draw inspiration from other fields, such as bioengineering, to generate organoids that would be more physiologically relevant. In this chapter, we will discuss 3D cell culture systems as organoids and their relevance for agronomic research.

scholarly journals Almost Exclusive Androgenic Action of Dehydroepiandrosterone in the Rat Mammary Gland

Endocrinology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 753-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antigone Sourla ◽  
Céline Martel ◽  
Claude Labrie ◽  
Fernand Labrie
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland

scholarly journals Association of cellular and molecular responses in the rat mammary gland to 17β-estradiol with susceptibility to mammary cancer

BMC Cancer ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Ding ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Christopher L Warren ◽  
Ruth Sullivan ◽  
Kevin W Eliceiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Cancer ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland
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