scholarly journals Epidemiology of the invasion of Cryptosporidium parvum in farm and wild animals

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kaupke ◽  
Artur Rzeżutka
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Livestock Industry ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range

Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite occurring in a wide range of hosts. Invasions caused by this parasite have been reported in humans and in many animal species including birds. Despite its worldwide prevalence, infections have usually generated considerable losses in the livestock industry, mostly affecting calves, lambs and goat kids. It has previously been shown that ruminants are a major reservoir of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and contact with an infected animal can lead to human infection. The application of molecular methods for parasitological diagnostics has increased our knowledge on the parasite hosts and its prevalence in humans and animals. They also confirmed their usefulness during epidemiological investigations and in surveillance studies of human and animal cryptosporidiosis. In this review the current state of knowledge concerning the importance of Cryptosporidium parvum invasions in farm and wild animals was presented.

scholarly journals Sewer and drain swabbing as a means of investigating salmonellosis

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. S. Harvey ◽  
T. H. Price
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Economical Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frequent Finding ◽  
Industrial Sources

SUMMARYThe use of gauze swabs in drains or sewers to clarify the path followed by a salmonella from source to human host has been reviewed in the light of experience gained in Cardiff over 15 years. This period has seen a marked change in attitudes to salmonella epidemiology in that infected food is now regarded as of greater importance than infected food handlers. In these 15 years, butchers, abattoirs and knackers' yards, markets and bakehouses have been monitored. In the bakehouse survey the existence of staff infection was demonstrated by sewage examination. Sewage investigation has also been used to show frequent entry of salmonellas into households in a residential estate. The estate was carefully chosen to exclude salmonellas from industrial sources and shops. The frequent finding of infection in this sewage implies that a commonly consumed heavily infected food item is involved. The wide range of serotypes isolated suggests an animal usually fed on infected animal feed. Poultry and pigs are put forward as animals liable to spread salmonellosis to man.It is hoped that clarification of the salmonella pathway may eventually lead to measures likely to prevent the transmission of infection to man. It is also suggested that swabs placed in abattoir drains serve as an economical method of obtaining warning of a persistent build-up of contamination. The persistence of a serotype in an abattoir is not infrequently followed by human infection.

Individual subject meta-analysis of parameters forCryptosporidium parvumshedding and diarrhoea in animal experimental models

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 1662-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. ADELL ◽  
W. A. MILLER ◽  
D. J. HARVEY ◽  
E. VANWORMER ◽  
S. WUERTZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Individual Subject

SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis a zoonotic protozoan parasite with public health importance worldwide. The objectives of this study were to (1) conduct a meta-analysis of published literature for oocyst shedding and diarrhoea outcomes, and (2) develop recommendations for standardization of experimental dose–response studies. Results showed that for the outcome of oocyst shedding in faeces, the covariates ‘experimental species’, ‘immunosuppression’, ‘oocyst dose’ and ‘oocyst dose’ × ‘age’ were all significant (P ⩽ 0·05). This study suggests that exposing mice, piglets, or ruminants, and using immunosuppressed experimental hosts, is more likely to result in oocyst shedding. For the outcome of diarrhoea in experimentally infected animal species, the key covariates ‘experimental species’, ‘age’ and ‘immunosuppression’ were significant (P ⩽ 0·2). Therefore, based on the results of this meta-analysis, these variables should be carefully reported and considered when designing experimental dose–response studies. Additionally, detection of possible publication bias highlights the need to publish additional studies that convey statistically non-significant as well as significant results in the future.

scholarly journals Diversity of Coronavirus Receptors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritha Ghosh ◽  
Savita Jayaram ◽  
Dhruti Patwardhan ◽  
Saranya Marimuthu ◽  
Patrick Lenehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Phylogenetic Lineages ◽  
Host Cell Membranes

Several recent surges in COVID-19 cases due to newly emerging variant strains of SARS-CoV-2 with greater transmissibility have highlighted the virus’s capability to directly modulate spike-ACE2 interactions and promote immune evasion by sterically masking the immunogenic epitopes. Recently, there have also been reports of the bidirectional transfer of coronavirus between different animal species and humans. The ability of coronavirus to infect and adapt to a wide range of hosts can be attributed to new variants that modify the molecular recognition profile of the spike protein (S protein). The receptor-binding domain of the spike protein specifically interacts with key host receptor molecules present on the host cell membranes to gain entry into the host and begin the infection cycle. In this review, we discuss the molecular, structural, and functional diversity associated with the coronavirus receptors across their different phylogenetic lineages and its relevance to various symptomatology in the rapid human-to-human infection in COVID-19 patients, tropism, and zoonosis. Despite this seeming diversity of host receptors, there may be some common underlying mechanisms that influence the host range, virus transmissibility, and pathogenicity. Understanding these mechanisms may be crucial in not only controlling the ongoing pandemic but also help in stopping the resurgence of such virus threats in the future.

scholarly journals Genetic characterization of Blastocystis from wild animals in Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve, southwestern of China-Zoonotic potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanyu Chen ◽  
Wangyu Meng ◽  
Ziyao Zhou ◽  
Lei Deng ◽  
Xiaogang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Blastocystis, a highly prevalent eukaryotic parasite, has been identified in a wide range of hosts, including humans, domestic and wild animals. Many animals are potential sources of Blastocystis infection for humans, while few information about the prevalence of Blastocystis in wild animals have being documented. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis in wild animals of Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve, southwestern of China, so as to assess the zoonotic potential of these animals. Methods A total of 300 faecal samples were collected from 27 wildlife species in three areas of Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve in southwestern China. The subtype (ST) genetic characteristics and prevalence of Blastocystis were determined by PCR amplification of the barcode region (a fragment of ∼600 bp) of the SSU rRNA gene, and phylogenetic analysis were further performed to determine the genetic characteristics of Blastocystis subtypes. Results 30 of 300 faecal samples (10.0%) were Blastocystis-positive. The highest prevalence of Blastocystis was found in Yinchanggou (18.3%), which was significantly higher than that in Niutoushan (7.5%), and Genda (5.5%) (P < 0.05). Specifically, the highest prevalence of Blastocystis was found in primates (20.0%, 1/5), followed by rodentia 14.3% (1/7), artiodactyla 13.1% (26/198), carnivora 2.3% (2/87), galliformes 0% (0/3). Sequence analysis showed 5 subtypes (ST1, ST3, ST5, ST13, and ST14), with ST13 and ST14 as the predominant subtype (33.3%, 10/30), followed by ST1 (20.0%, 6/30). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular investigation on Blastocystis infection in wild animals in southwestern of China. ST1, ST3, and ST5 were identified in both humans and wild animals, suggesting that these wild animals may be potential reservoirs of Blastocystis for human infection.

Veterinary vaccines against toxoplasmosis

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
pp. 1365-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELŻBIETA HISZCZYŃSKA-SAWICKA ◽  
JUSTYNA M. GATKOWSKA ◽  
MARCIN M. GRZYBOWSKI ◽  
HENRYKA DŁUGOŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Current State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Good Starting Point

SUMMARYToxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of mammal and bird species. Common infection leads to high economic (e.g. abortions in sheep) and human (e.g. congenital toxoplasmosis or neurotoxoplasmosis in humans) losses. With one exception (Toxovax™ for sheep), there are no vaccines to prevent human or animal toxoplasmosis. The paper presents the current state and challenges in the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis, designed for farm animals either bred for consumption or commonly kept on farms and involved in parasite transmission. So far, the trials have mostly revolved around conventional vaccines and, compared with the research using laboratory animals (mainly mice), they have not been very numerous. However, the results obtained are promising and could be a good starting point for developing an effective vaccine to prevent toxoplasmosis.

The Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis and the Water Route of Infection

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Casemore
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
The Uk

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, has emerged during the 1980s as a common cause of gastroenteritis in otherwise healthy subjects and of potentially life-threatening infection in the immunocompromised. The parasite, a member of the coccidia, has a complex life-cycle resulting in the production of an environmentally hardy stage, the oocyst, excreted in the faeces. Cryptosporidium parvum infects a wide range of host species including man and his livestock animals. The epidemiology is complex with both direct and indirect routes of transmission. Environmental contamination may result in dissemination of the infection by the water route. Such water may meet current microbiological and other standards. The oocysts are remarkably resistent to most disinfectants including chlorine but sensitive to ozone. Water may provide the vehicle of infection for sporadic cases and outbreaks, some involving thousands of consumers. Such outbreaks have been identified in the USA and in the UK.

scholarly journals Molecular Survey on Kobuviruses in Domestic and Wild Ungulates From Northwestern Italian Alps

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Di Martino ◽  
Federica Di Profio ◽  
Serena Robetto ◽  
Paola Fruci ◽  
Vittorio Sarchese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Vp1 Gene ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Mutual Exchange ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Partial Rdrp

Since the first identification in 1989 in humans, kobuviruses (KoVs) have been identified from a wide range of animal species including carnivores, rodents, birds, ungulates, rabbits, and bats. Several studies have described the identification of genetically related KoVs in the fecal virome of domestic and wild animals suggesting a mutual exchange of viruses. By screening a total of 231 fecal samples from wild and domestic ungulates, KoVs RNA was detected in wild boars (3.2%; 2/63), chamois (4.6%; 2/43), and goats (2.6%; 2/77). On phylogenetic analysis of the partial RdRp sequence, the wild boar strains clustered within the species Aichivirus C whilst the strains identified in domestic and wild ruminants grouped into the species Aichivirus B. The complete VP1 gene was obtained for chamois and goat KoVs. Interestingly, upon phylogenetic analysis the strains grouped together with a KoV of ovine origin within a distinct genetic type (B3) of the species Aichivirus B.

scholarly journals Genetic characterization of Blastocystis from wild animals in Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve, southwestern of China-Zoonotic potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanyu Chen ◽  
Wangyu Meng ◽  
Ziyao Zhou ◽  
Lei Deng ◽  
Xiaogang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background: Blastocystis, a highly prevalent eukaryotic parasite, has been identified in a wide range of hosts, including humans, domestic and wild animals. Many animals are potential sources of Blastocystis infection for humans, while few information about the prevalence of Blastocystis in wild animals have being documented. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis in wild animals of Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve, southwestern of China, so as to assess the zoonotic potential of these animals.Methods: A total of 300 faecal samples were collected from 27 wildlife species in three areas of Sichuan Wolong National Natural Reserve in southwestern China. The subtype (ST) genetic characteristics and prevalence of Blastocystis were determined by PCR amplification of the barcode region (a fragment of ∼600 bp) of the SSU rRNA gene, and phylogenetic analysis were further performed to determine the genetic characteristics of Blastocystis subtypes.Results: 30 of 300 faecal samples (10.0%) were Blastocystis-positive. The highest prevalence of Blastocystis was found in Yinchanggou (18.3%), which was significantly higher than that in Niutoushan (7.5%), and Genda (5.5%) (P < 0.05). Specifically, the highest prevalence of Blastocystis was found in primates (20.0%, 1/5), followed by rodentia 14.3% (1/7), artiodactyla 13.1% (26/198), carnivora 2.3% (2/87), galliformes 0% (0/3). Sequence analysis showed 5 subtypes (ST1, ST3, ST5, ST13, and ST14), with ST13 and ST14 as the predominant subtype (33.3%, 10/30), followed by ST1 (20.0%, 6/30).Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular investigation on Blastocystis infection in wild animals in southwestern of China. ST1, ST3, and ST5 were identified in both humans and wild animals, suggesting that these wild animals may be potential reservoirs of Blastocystis for human infection.

Major antigens of Cryptosporidium parvum recognised by serum antibodies from different infected animal species and man

1994 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Répérant ◽  
Muriel Naciri ◽  
Sophie Iochmann ◽  
Michael Tilley ◽  
Daniel T. Bout
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Serum Antibodies

scholarly journals Comparative proteomics reveals Cryptosporidium parvum manipulation of the host cell molecular expression and immune response

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0009949
Author(s):  
Teng Li ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Nan Jiang ◽  
Yiluo Wang ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Molecular Expression ◽  
Differentially Abundant Proteins

Cryptosporidium is a life-threating protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, which mainly causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts. Currently, there is a re-emergence of Cryptosporidium infection; however, no fully effective drug or vaccine is available to treat Cryptosporidiosis. In the present study, to better understand the detailed interaction between the host and Cryptosporidium parvum, a large-scale label-free proteomics study was conducted to characterize the changes to the proteome induced by C. parvum infection. Among 4406 proteins identified, 121 proteins were identified as differentially abundant (> 1.5-fold cutoff, P < 0.05) in C. parvum infected HCT-8 cells compared with uninfected cells. Among them, 67 proteins were upregulated, and 54 proteins were downregulated at 36 h post infection. Analysis of the differentially abundant proteins revealed an interferon-centered immune response of the host cells against C. parvum infection and extensive inhibition of metabolism-related enzymes in the host cells caused by infection. Several proteins were further verified using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. This systematic analysis of the proteomics of C. parvum-infected HCT-8 cells identified a wide range of functional proteins that participate in host anti-parasite immunity or act as potential targets during infection, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism of C. parvum infection.

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