scholarly journals Echinococcus granulosus – a global zoonotic problem and diagnostic possibilities in animals

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 728-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg ◽  
Jacek Karamon ◽  
Tomasz Cencek
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Causative Agents

Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm, the larval forms of which are causative agents of cystic echinococcosis: a dangerous, widespread zoonotic disease. It is a cosmopolitan species, found in many countries on all continents, thus threatening the productivity of livestock and the health of the people around the world. With the development of molecular methods, several distinct species were separated from E. granulosus s.l., differing in host range, geographical distribution, morphology of mature and larval forms, time of maturation and location of the larvae in individual organs. The purpose of the present review is to summarize current knowledge about the epidemiology and geographical distribution within the species E. granulosus s.l. in definitive hosts (dogs) as well as intermediate hosts (livestock). The paper also indicates the most epidemiological relevant genotypes of E. granulosus in a particular area. Moreover, methods of diagnosis of the parasite and the risk factors favorable to its spread and infection are described in this article.

scholarly journals Past and present of cystic echinococcosis in Bolivia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e0009426
Author(s):  
Viterman Ali ◽  
Eddy Martinez ◽  
Pamela Duran ◽  
Erick Villena ◽  
Peter Deplazes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Faecal Samples

Viable eggs of the canine intestinal tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) infect various intermediate hosts causing cystic echinococcosis (CE). Furthermore, CE represents a serious zoonosis causing a significant global burden of disease. CE is highly endemic in South America, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Peru. For Bolivia, no official data concerning the incidence in humans or the number of livestock and dogs infected are available. However, it is well known that CE occurs in Bolivia. We aim here to fill the gap in the current knowledge of the epidemiological situation of CE in Bolivia, providing a historical overview of documents published within the country, which have never been comprehensively reviewed. The very first documentation of E. granulosus infection in animals dates in 1910, while the first human case was reported in 1913. In total, 876 human CE cases have been reported in the scientific literature, with an apparent increase since the 1970s. In the absence of other epidemiological studies, the highest prevalence in human comes from Tupiza, Potosí Department, where 4.1% (51/1,268) of the population showed signs of CE at mass ultrasound screening in 2011. In the same report, 24% of dog faecal samples were positive for coproantigens of E. granulosus s.l. in ELISA. The highest prevalence in intermediate hosts reported at abattoir reached 37.5% in cattle from Potosí, followed by 26.9% in llamas from Oruro, 2.4% in pigs and 1.4% in sheep from La Paz. Finally, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), Echinococcus ortleppi (G5), and Echinococcus intermedius (G7) have been identified in Bolivia. Data reviewed here confirm that E. granulosus s.l. is circulating in Bolivia and that a proper prospective nationwide epidemiological study of CE is urgently needed to define transmission patterns as a basis for the planning and implementation of future control measurements.

scholarly journals Cystic Echinococcosis: Clinical, Immunological, and Biomolecular Evaluation of Patients from Sardinia (Italy)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Cinzia Santucciu ◽  
Piero Bonelli ◽  
Angela Peruzzu ◽  
Alessandro Fancellu ◽  
Vincenzo Marras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Neighbor Joining ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Lato

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a worldwide public health problem. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), associated with G1 and G3 genotypes, is endemic with high prevalence in the Mediterranean basin. The parasite’s life cycle comprises definitive hosts (canids) and intermediate hosts (ruminants) and can occasionally involve humans. The main aim of this research was to confirm the diagnosis of 13 patients suspected of CE who presented different complications and needed the surgical removal of the cysts. We also wanted to understand and clarify more the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans. For this purpose, the patients first underwent cyst evaluation by ultrasound (US), immunological analysis, and then total pericystectomy, followed by parasitological, histopathological, and molecular biology examinations of the cysts. US stadiated one CE1, one CE2, eight CE3b, one CE4, and two CE5; immunology evidenced nine positives; histopathology confirmed 11 CE cysts, of which 8 fertile presenting protoscoleces were identified as E. granulosus s.s. by molecular biology, genotyped as three G1 and four G3 by neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree. In conclusion, the results showed that 11 patients were affected by E. granulosus s.s. G1 orG3, and 2 cystic neoformations were of non-parasitic origin.

scholarly journals Branchiura — a compendium of the geographical distribution and a summary of their biology

Crustaceana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1243-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourelle A. M. Neethling ◽  
Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Species Description ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Host Parasite

This is a compendium of current knowledge about the crustacean subclass Branchiura Thorell, 1864. An overview of the group is presented, starting from the first species description, and reports of taxonomic changes. It also provides a condensed retrospect of each genus and includes the characteristics of each genus, the geographical distribution of each species arranged according to occurrence per continent; and aspects of the anatomy, physiology, host-parasite interactions and phylogeny are discussed. In order to condense the information available on members of the subclass, additional literature sources on each aspect are tabulated. The species lists provided by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) were used as a starting point as these were the most comprehensive currently available.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human cystic echinococcosis and risk factors in animal breeders in rural communities in Denizli, Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (09) ◽  
pp. 1188-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serife Akalin ◽  
Selda Sayin Kutlu ◽  
Selmin D Caylak ◽  
Ozgur Onal ◽  
Selcuk Kaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
The People ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious public health problem in sheep-raising regions of Turkey. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of echinococcosis in rural regions of Denizli in Turkey. Methodology: This study was undertaken in four townships in Denizli County between May 2009 and July 2009. Family members were interviewed to assess possible risk factors for infection and tested for anti-E. granulosus antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Of the 1,133 individuals included in the study, 78 (6.9%) were found to be anti-EG seropositive. Multivariate analysis showed that the 30–39 year age group (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30 ± 8.33; p = 0.01), the ≥ 60 year group (OR: 4.08; 95% CI: 1.57 ± 10.61; p = 0.004), and the group that reported sometimes or never getting veterinary care for their animals (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.05 ± 2.93; p = 0.032) had higher rates of seropositivity. Multivariate analysis showed that education was not significantly associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, no significant correlation with location, occupation, dog ownership or contact with dogs, or with cattle and/or sheep/goat ownership was found. Regular veterinary care and education had significant effects on lowering the prevalence of CE. Conclusions: Our results suggest that preventive measures, such as regular veterinary care for animals and educative and supportive activities oriented to the people working in farming and animal husbandry should be taken to decrease the prevalence of human CE in Turkey.

Cystic echinococcosis of the interventricular septum: a rare clinical presentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1515-1516
Author(s):  
Erkan İriz ◽  
Semih Yaylı ◽  
Serdar Kula
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Interventricular Septum ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
The World

AbstractCystic echinococcosis caused by infection with the larvae form of Echinococcus granulosus remains highly endemic and constitutes a public health concern in some regions of the world. In this case report, we present a rare children case of interventricular hydatid cyst with a size of approximately 5 cm and its successful treatment.

scholarly journals Geographical distribution and risk factors for Echinococcus granulosus infection in peri-urban wild dog populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
Lana Harriott ◽  
Matthew Gentle ◽  
Rebecca Traub ◽  
Rowland Cobbold ◽  
Ricardo Soares Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wild Dog

scholarly journals The World Largest Focus of the Opisthorchiasis in the Ob-Irtysh Basin, Russia, Caused by Opisthorchis felineus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia V. Simakova ◽  
Natalya V. Poltoratskaya ◽  
Irina B. Babkina ◽  
Tatyana N. Poltoratskaya ◽  
Alexander V. Shikhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Opisthorchis Felineus ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Irtysh Basin ◽  
History Of

The world’s largest focus of opisthorchiasis caused by cat fluke Opisthorchis felineus Rivolta, 1884, is associated with the Ob-Irtysh basin (Russia). The chapter provides data on the history of discovery and the study of opisthorchiasis. Features of the morphology and life cycle of O. felineus are described. Data on the infection of intermediate hosts (mollusks and cyprinids fish) are provided. Species of fish that have important epizootological significance are indicated. The incidence of opisthorchiasis in the people of different age and social groups, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and complications is discussed. The climatic and social factors that contribute to maintaining the focus of opisthorchiasis are described. The measures of personal and social prevention of the people are given.

scholarly journals Microdiversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in Australia

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. ALVAREZ ROJAS ◽  
D. EBI ◽  
C. G. Gauci ◽  
J. P. SCHEERLINCK ◽  
M. WASSERMANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Stricto ◽  
The World ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Morphology Development

SUMMARYEchinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) is now recognized as an assemblage of cryptic species, which differ considerably in morphology, development, host specificity (including infectivity/pathogenicity for humans) and other aspects. One of these species, E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), is now clearly identified as the principal agent causing cystic echinococcosis in humans. Previous studies of a small section of the cox1 and nadh1 genes identified two variants of E. granulosus s.s. to be present in Australia; however, no further work has been carried out to characterize the microdiversity of the parasite in its territory. We have analysed the sequence of the full length of the cox1 gene (1609 bp) from 37 isolates of E. granulosus from different hosts and geographic regions of Australia. The analysis shows that seven haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. not previously described were found, together with five haplotypes known to be present in other parts of the world, including the haplotype EG01 which is widespread and present in all endemic regions. These data extend knowledge related to the geographical spread and host range of E. granulosus s.s. in a country such as Australia in which the parasite established around 200 years ago.

scholarly journals Cystic echinococcosis in humans and animals: Current epidemiological situation in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 666-670
Author(s):  
Jakub Gawor
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Porcine Strain ◽  
The World ◽  
Parasitic Zoonoses ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The purpose of this article was to present current data on cases of cystic echinococcosis in humans and animals in Poland. Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most important parasitic zoonoses occurring globally. In many regions of the world, the disease is an important epidemiological problem. The life cycle of Echinococcus involves hoofed farm animals and dogs. Among its species and genotypes ascertained in the world, two (G1 and G7) have been confirmed in sheep and pigs as intermediate hosts in Poland. Molecular examinations of postoperative parasitic material from patients established that the porcine strain G7 is the cause of human cystic echinococcosis in Poland. Data on post-slaughter examinations of pigs identified as intermediate hosts of E. granu-losus suggest that the number of cases reported in humans (approx. 40 annually) is probably underestimated. In the last two years, the prevalence of hydatid cysts in pigs in Poland has been estimated at 0.3%, with the highest number of infected animals in central Poland (0.4%-1.2%). This indicates the presence of infection in dogs and the risk of echinococcosis for humans.

scholarly journals HYDATID CYST WITH FOCUS ON MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT: REVIEW

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
KANAAN AL-TAMEEMI ◽  
RAIAAN KABAKLI
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Diagnosis And Management

Hydatids or cystic echinococcosis results from being infected with Echinococcus granulosus that found in dogs as definitive hosts and humans, sheep, goats, and pigs as intermediate hosts, mainly prevailing in regions with animal husbandry. Echinococcosis is a public health concern, especially in developing regions; this is due to the medical and economic harm to humans and the inefficiency of treatment and the difficulties of diagnosis in the early stages of infection. Our review summarizes the historical backgrounds of Echinococcus, together with the biological and epidemiological aspects of parasite, in addition to diagnosis and treatment ways.

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