scholarly journals Systemic and local immune mechanisms stimulated in the course of chicken infectious bronchitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 358-363
Author(s):  
Marcin Śmiałek ◽  
Joanna Welenc ◽  
Andrzej Koncicki
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
System Response ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Worldwide Distribution

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious, viral disease of chickens that causes damage to the respiratory tract, kidneys, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems, as well as muscles. Despite the worldwide distribution of vaccines against IB, the outbreaks of this disease are recorded frequently. This review paper describes the mechanisms of the immune system response against both infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and vaccine IBV, with special attention to the local upper respiratory tract immune mechanisms stimulated in the course of IB. CD8+ T cells as well as IgA+ and IgY+ B memory cells seem to play the most important role in protection against re-infection with IBV. The present paper describes in detail the stimulation of non-specific innate resistance factors and the underlying mechanism of IBV innate immunity breach, as well as the stimulation and acquisition of specificity and immune memory against IBV by immunocompetent cells after both infection and vaccination.

scholarly journals Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Sport and the Immune System Response. A Review

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Antonio Cicchella ◽  
Claudio Stefanelli ◽  
Marika Massaro
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
System Response ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Heavy Training

Immunity is the consequence of a complex interaction between organs and the environment. It is mediated the interaction of several genes, receptors, molecules, hormones, cytokines, antibodies, antigens, and inflammatory mediators which in turn relate and influence the psychological health. The immune system response of heavily trained athletes resembles an even more complex conditions being theorized to follow a J or S shape dynamics at times. High training loads modify the immune response elevating the biological markers of immunity and the body susceptibility to infections. Heavy training and/or training in a cold environment increase the athletes’ risk to develop Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs). Therefore, athletes, who are considered healthier than the normal population, are in fact more prone to infections of the respiratory tract, due to lowering of the immune system in the time frames subsequent heavy training sessions. In this revision we will review the behavioral intervention, including nutritional approaches, useful to minimize the “open window” effect on infection and how to cope with stressors and boost the immune system in athletes.

scholarly journals Exploration of correlation of oral hygiene and condition with influenza infection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254981
Author(s):  
Makiko Kawamoto ◽  
Hirokazu Tanaka ◽  
Akinari Sakurai ◽  
Hiroki Otagiri ◽  
Imahito Karasawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Pass Through

Influenza viruses are known to be infected through epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. The oral cavity is in close anatomical proximity to the upper respiratory tract, and it is conceivable that the viruses could pass through the oral cavity and infect to the upper respiratory tract. Several researchers have suggested that colonization of certain pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae might affect the risk of influenza viral disease, indicating that oral hygiene and/or condition might play an important role in respiratory viral infection. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether an oral hygiene/condition might impact influenza infection. We conducted a retrospective observational study of Japanese citizens’ regional cohort (N = 2,904) consisting of National Health Insurance beneficiaries who underwent annual health/dental examination with data entries in the Kokuho database (KDB). Trained dentists checked the oral hygiene/condition, and saliva specimens were examined using the LION dental saliva multi-test (SMT) kit. Influenza infection was identified from the diagnosis recorded in the KDB. The correlations between influenza infection and oral hygiene, dryness of the mouth, or various salivary test results were examined by a multivariate analysis adjusting for confounding factors such as gender, age, recent smoking, alcohol drinking, BMI, HbA1c, RBC for influenza infection. The logistic regression model showed that age significantly correlated with influenza infection. In addition, oral hygiene status had a nearly significant impact on influenza infection (p = 0.061), whereby, the subjects with poor oral hygiene had a higher risk of influenza infection than those with good oral hygiene (odds ratio: 1.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.89–2.95). Further, the prevalence of influenza infection was lower in the subjects with saliva weakly acidic and/or containing higher protein level. The results of this study suggested that the maintenance of oral health conditions might be one of the pivotal factors for preventing and reducing influenza infection.

scholarly journals Upper respiratory tract infections and the immune system response. A review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONIO CICCHELLA
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
System Response ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Purpose: the spreading of the COVID-19 epidemic raised a question on why very well trained, healthy, and young athletes have been infected. In this review, the emerging topic in the field of sport immunology has been studied with the aim to provide advice on how strengthening the immune system (IS) and how to help the recover after heavy effort and prevent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in athletes. Methods: a literature search was performed on available public scientific databases. Results: URTI, a common illness among heavy trained athletes, happens in the time frame of temporary depression of the IS following heavy training or competition. T cells has been identified as the main factor in the immune response to counteract the cascade mediators of inflammation. Life habits, environmental and psycho-social factors such as sleep loss and life stressors are the major causes of IS depression, and it emerge that there is an optimal training load exposure which reinforce the IS, while too low or too much training being detrimental. Conclusions: immunodepression in heavy trained athletes can be counteracted with a proper distribution of training loads, nutritional interventions, correction of lifestyle habits such as sleep hygiene, thermotherapy, and recovery techniques. Psycho-social interventions also seem to have a positive effect on reducing the post exercise inflammation and in boosting the IS response. Novel bioinformatic approaches can help to understand the IS response in athletes and the management of critical situations.

scholarly journals 2224. Reducing Antibiotic Overuse in Adult Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Using Novel Host–Response-Based Diagnostics

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S759-S759
Author(s):  
Liran Shani ◽  
Salim Halabi ◽  
Shachaf Shiber ◽  
Meital Paz ◽  
Einat Moscoviz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Overuse ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Antibiotic overuse in LRTI is a major healthcare care problem, contributing to antimicrobial resistance. A novel assay that integrates blood levels of three immune-proteins TRAIL\IP-10\CRP was developed to assist in differentiating bacterial from viral disease. The assay exhibited high performance in blinded validation studies focusing on children. We performed a preliminary analysis of the ongoing OBSERVER study, evaluating the assay’s potential to reduce antibiotic misuse in adult patients presenting with suspicion of LRTI. Methods OBSERVER (NCT03011515) is an EU Horizon 2020 funded study (grant No. 684589), the first to validate the signature in adult LRTI patients. For every participant recruited at the emergency departments of three hospitals in Israel, we collected medical history, physical examination, routine lab, imaging, and respiratory multiplex PCR data. The assay outcomes are bacterial, viral or equivocal. Reference standard outcome of bacterial, viral, indeterminate or noninfectious, was assigned by expert panel majority adjudication. Indeterminates were excluded from the analysis. Results In this preliminary analysis, we included the first 218 patients with locked data (Figure 1). Age ranged from 18 to 96 years (mean 59.5). Clinical syndromes included: 21% pneumonia, 13% acute bronchitis, 6% COPD exacerbation, 32% upper respiratory tract infection and 16% unspecified LRTI or viral infections. The assay demonstrated high diagnostic performance for distinguishing bacterial from viral disease (Figure 2). Assay equivocal rate was 8%. In this cohort, antibiotics were prescribed to 41 of 105 patients with viral reference outcomes indicating an overuse rate of 39%, of these, 34 yielded viral index test outcomes, supporting the potential of the assay to reduce overuse by ~83%. Conclusion The TRAIL/IP-10/CRP assay demonstrated high diagnostic performance for differentiating between bacterial and viral disease. Medical literature shows that there is a big gap between guidelines antibiotic prescription recommendations and reported prescribing rates (~25% vs. 40%-50%) for suspected LRTI in adults. The use of this new assay, which has a specificity of 93% and NPV of 99%, can help to close the gap and improve adherence to the guidelines. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

A rapid method for the direct identification of paramyxovirus in canine CSF by ultracentrifugation and negative staining as a rule out for distemper

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-595
Author(s):  
W.L. Steffens ◽  
M.B. Ard ◽  
C.E. Greene ◽  
A. Jaggy
Keyword(s):  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Rule Out

Canine distemper is a multisystemic contagious viral disease having a worldwide distribution, a high mortality rate, and significant central neurologic system (CNS) complications. In its systemic manifestations, it is often presumptively diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and history. Few definitive antemortem diagnostic tests exist, and most are limited to the detection of viral antigen by immunofluorescence techniques on tissues or cytologic specimens or high immunoglobulin levels in CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). Diagnosis of CNS distemper is often unreliable due to the relatively low cell count in CSF (<50 cells/μl) and the binding of blocking immunoglobulins in CSF to cell surfaces. A more reliable and definitive test might be possible utilizing direct morphologic detection of the etiologic agent. Distemper is the canine equivalent of human measles, in that both involve a closely related member of the Paramyxoviridae, both produce mucosal inflammation, and may produce CNS complications. In humans, diagnosis of measles-induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is through negative stain identification of whole or incomplete viral particles in patient CSF.

Allergy of the Upper Respiratory Tract

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack D. Clemis ◽  
Eugene L. Derlacki
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory
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