scholarly journals Giardia-Infection Among Subjects Revealed Diarrhea or Passage of Soft Stool in Kochi Prefecture, Japan.

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORIHITO MORIMOTO ◽  
MASATAKA KORENAGA ◽  
CHIZU KOMATSU ◽  
MASANORI MORITA ◽  
SIGEYOSHI SUGIHARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Infection ◽  
Kochi Prefecture ◽  
Soft Stool

scholarly journals A50 MODULATION OF GOBLET CELL ACTIVITY DURING GIARDIA DUODENALIS INFECTION: A ROLE FOR PAR2

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
E Fekete ◽  
C B Amat ◽  
T Allain ◽  
M Hollenberg ◽  
K Mihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Cysteine Protease ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Giardia Infection ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Mucin Gene

Abstract Background Giardia duodenalis has been shown to alter the structure of the intestinal mucus layers during infection via obscure mechanisms. We hypothesize that goblet cell activity may be disrupted in part due to proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) by Giardia proteases, resulting in disruption of mucus production and secretion by intestinal goblet cells. Aims Characterize alterations in goblet cell activity during Giardia infection, focusing on the roles of Giardia protease activity and PAR2. Methods Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with nano-luciferase tagged PAR2 were incubated with Giardia NF or GSM trophozoites. Cleavage within the activation domain results in release of enzymes into the supernatant. Luminescence in the supernatant was measured as an indication of PAR cleavage by Giardia. LS174T, a human colonic mucus-producing cell line, was infected with Giardia trophozoites (isolates NF, WB, S2, and GSM). Prior to infection, trophozoites were treated with E64, a broad-spectrum cysteine protease inhibitor, and LS174T were treated with a PAR2 antagonist, a calcium chelator, or an ERK1/2 inhibitor. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed for the MUC2 mucin gene. Wild-type (WT) and PAR2 knockout (KO) mice were infected with Giardia. Colonic mucus was stained using fluorescein-coupled wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), and qPCR was performed for Muc2 and Muc5ac. Results Giardia trophozoites cleaved PAR2 within the N-terminal activation domain in a cysteine protease-dependent manner. Cleavage was isolate dependent, with isolates that show higher protease activity cleaving at a higher rate. High protease activity Giardia isolates increased MUC2 gene expression in LS714T. This increase was attenuated by inhibition of Giardia cysteine protease activity, and by antagonism of PAR2, inhibition of calcium release, or inhibition of ERK1/2 activity in LS174T cells. Both Muc2 and Muc5ac expression were upregulated in the colons of WT mice in response to Giardia infection, while in the jejunum Muc2 expression decreased and Muc5ac expression increased. In KO, no changes in gene expression were seen in the colon in response to Giardia infection, while in the jejunum, Muc2 expression was unchanged and Muc5ac expression decreased. Both WT infected and KO noninfected mice showed thinning of the colonic mucus layer compared to WT controls. There was some recovery in thickness in KO infected mice. Conclusions PAR2 plays a significant role in the regulation of mucin gene expression in mice and in a human colonic cell line. Results suggest that Giardia cysteine proteases cleave and activate PAR2, leading to calcium release and activation of the MAPK pathway in goblet cells, ultimately leading to altered mucin gene expression. Findings identify a novel regulatory pathway for mucus production by intestinal goblet cells. Funding Agencies CAG, CCC

Relationship between Giardia infection and food allergy in Venezuelan children

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
MC Di Prisco ◽  
JC Jiménez ◽  
F Puccio ◽  
N Lynch ◽  
I Hagel
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Giardia Infection

HTLV ANTIBODY POSITIVITY AND INCIDENCE OF ADULT T-CELL LEUKAEMIA IN KOCHI PREFECTURE, JAPAN

The Lancet ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 322 (8357) ◽  
pp. 1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokuni Taguchi ◽  
Masatoshi Fujishita ◽  
Isao Miyoshi ◽  
Isao Mizobuchi ◽  
Akira Nagasaki
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Leukaemia ◽  
Antibody Positivity ◽  
Kochi Prefecture

Occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in the Saint Lawrence River (Canada) and comparison of health risks for populations using it as their source of drinking water

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Aminata Berte ◽  
Michèle Prévost ◽  
Bruno Ménard ◽  
Benoît Barbeau
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Giardia Infection ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Annual Risk

A 300-km portion of the Saint Lawrence hydrological basin in the province of Québec (Canada) and 45 water treatment plants were studied. River water used by drinking water treatment plants was analyzed (6-L sample volumes) to determine the level of occurrence of bacterial indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Clostridium perfringens) and pathogens (Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, human enteric viruses). Pathogens and bacterial indicators were found at all sites at a wide range of values. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant correlations between the bacterial indicators and the pathogens. Physicochemical and treatment practices data were collected from most water treatment plants and used to estimate the level of removal of pathogens achieved under cold (0°C-4°C) and warm (20°C-25°C) water temperature conditions. The calculated removal values were then used to estimate the annual risk of Giardia infection using mathematical models and to compare the sites. The estimated range of probability of infection ranged from 0.75 to less than 0.0001 for the populations exposed. Given the numerous assumptions made, the model probably overestimated the annual risk, but it provided comparative data of the efficacy of the water treatment plants and thereby contributes to the protection of public health.Key words: public health, drinking water, health risk, pathogen occurrence.

scholarly journals Topography of Okino-Shima, Kochi Prefecture

1954 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 360-373,407
Author(s):  
Osamu YAMAZAKI
Keyword(s):  
Kochi Prefecture

scholarly journals Twice Crops of Rice a Year in Kochi Prefecture

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 476-490,544
Author(s):  
Osamu Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Kochi Prefecture

scholarly journals Refractory Giardiasis in an Immunosuppressed Patient in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 204-207
Author(s):  
Filiz Kaya ◽  
Ahmet Çağkan İnkaya ◽  
Salih Maçin ◽  
Yakut Akyön ◽  
Sibel Ergüven
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patient ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Giardia Infection ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Immunocompetent Patients

Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. In immunocompetent patients the infection is usually self-limited and no treatment may be needed. Immunodeficiency, however, is a predisposing factor for the development of severe Giardia infection. In this report, a case of recurrent giardiasis refractory to nitroimidazoles and nitazoxanides presented. A 28-year-old male patient with hypogammaglobulinemia admitted to our hospital because of chronic diarrhoea. Microscopic examination of stool revealed a high number of Giardia trophozoites and cysts. Treatment with higher doses and a longer course of metronidazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ornidazole and albendazole failed. Administration of nitazoxanide, which has been reported to be effective against Giardia duodenalis refractory to nitroimidazoles, was commenced, but his symptoms persisted and stool samples demonstrated Giardia trophozoites and cysts again.

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