Low-Income Workers, Residential Location, and the Changing Commute in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-581
Author(s):  
Evelyn Blumenberg ◽  
Hannah King
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Residential Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
National Household Travel Survey ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Commute Distance

Numerous reports suggest that rising rents in some U.S. metropolitan areas are pushing workers to live further from their workplaces over time and contributing to lengthening commutes. Drawing on data from the last three vintages of the U.S. National Household Travel Survey (2001, 2009, and 2017), we test whether the relationship between residential location and commute distance varies significantly between low-income and higher-income workers and has changed over time. The data show that commute distances have increased for both low- and higher-income workers with much of the increase occurring in lower density areas. Statistical models show a strong positive relationship between living in a low-density neighbourhood and commute distance for all workers. This relationship appears stronger for low-income than higher-income workers but the strength of the relationship has not increased over time. The findings suggest that the growth in commute distance among low-income workers is largely due to a shift in their residential location towards low-density neighbourhoods.

The Reach of Bicycling in Rural, Small, and Low-Density Places

2017 ◽  
Vol 2662 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn McAndrews ◽  
Kenta Okuyama ◽  
Jill S. Litt
Keyword(s):  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Urban Experience ◽  
Household Travel Survey ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
National Household Travel Survey ◽  
Urban Activity

Lessons derived from the urban experience of bicycling may not be broadly supportive of bicycling in rural, small, and low-density (RSLD) places because of differences in built environment, social, and political contexts. In this study, the hypothesis that bicycling was primarily an urban activity was investigated. Binary logistic regression was used to compare the frequency of bicycling and the population characteristics of bicyclists across urban and RSLD places. Multiple operational definitions of urban–rural continua were used to examine whether the results were sensitive to how RSLD places were defined. The data for bicycling were from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey, which was designed to represent the population of the United States. Bicycling was found to be primarily, but not exclusively, an urban activity. Moreover, women and youths were more likely to bicycle in RSLD places compared with urban places. These findings suggest that an urban perspective on bicycling could limit the success of initiatives aiming to increase the diversity of populations that bicycle. Developing a base of empirical knowledge of bicycling in RSLD places is a necessary step toward developing more inclusive and effective multimodal transportation strategies.

scholarly journals Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Race on Sepsis Epidemiology and Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Minejima ◽  
Annie Wong-Beringer
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poor Health Literacy ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is a complex variable that is derived primarily from an individual’s education, income, and occupation and has been found to be inversely related to outcomes of health conditions. Sepsis is the sixth most common admitting diagnosis and one of the most costly conditions for in-hospital spending in the United States. The objective of this review is to report on the relationship between SES and sepsis incidence and associated outcomes. Content Sepsis epidemiology varies when explored by race, education, geographic location, income, and insurance status. Sepsis incidence was significantly increased in individuals of Black race compared with non-Hispanic white race; in persons who have less formal education, who lack insurance, and who have low income; and in certain US regions. People with low SES are likely to have onset of sepsis significantly earlier in life and to have poorly controlled comorbidities compared with those with higher SES. Sepsis mortality and hospital readmission is increased in individuals who lack insurance, who reside in low-income or medically underserved areas, who live far from healthcare, and who lack higher level education; however, a person’s race was not consistently found to increase mortality. Summary Interventions to minimize healthcare disparity for individuals with low SES should target sepsis prevention with increasing measures for preventive care for chronic conditions. Significant barriers described for access to care by people with low SES include cost, transportation, poor health literacy, and lack of a social network. Future studies should include polysocial risk scores that are consistently defined to allow for meaningful comparison across studies.

scholarly journals Relationship between Long-Term Residential Green Exposure and Individuals’ Mental Health: Moderated by Income Differences and Residential Location in Urban China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8955
Author(s):  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Suhong Zhou ◽  
Rongping Lin ◽  
Lingling Su
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Residential Location ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Relationship

Environmental health effects during urbanization have attracted much attention. However, knowledge is lacking on the relationship between long-term cumulative residential environment and health effects on individuals during rapid transformations in urban physical and social space. Taking Guangzhou, China, as a case example, this study analyzed the relationship between long-term exposure to green environments and residents’ mental health under urban spatial restructuring. Based on a household survey in 2016, 820 residents who have lived in Guangzhou for more than 15 years were used as the sample. High-resolution remote sensing images were used to assess the long-term green exposure of residents. The results indicate that long-term green exposure in residential areas had a negative correlation with residents’ mental health (p < 0.05), and the correlation was strongest for the cumulative green environment in the last five years. However, this significant effect was moderated by income and residential location. Green exposure had a positive relationship with mental health for low income groups, and a negative relationship for middle and high income groups. In addition, residents living farther away from the city center were likely to have fewer green environmental health benefits. Residential relocation in a rapidly urbanizing and transforming China has led to the continuous differentiation of residential green environments among different income groups, which has also caused different mental health effects from green exposure. It provides empirical evidence and theoretical support for policymakers to improve the urban environment and reduce environmental health disparities by considering social differences and residential location.

scholarly journals The evolution of infant mortality inequality in the United States, 1960–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eaba5908
Author(s):  
Nick Turner ◽  
Kaveh Danesh ◽  
Kelsey Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

What is the relationship between infant mortality and poverty in the United States and how has it changed over time? We address this question by analyzing county-level data between 1960 and 2016. Our estimates suggest that level differences in mortality rates between the poorest and least poor counties decreased meaningfully between 1960 and 2000. Nearly three-quarters of the decrease occurred between 1960 and 1980, coincident with the introduction of antipoverty programs and improvements in medical care for infants. We estimate that declining inequality accounts for 18% of the national reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2000. However, we also find that level differences between the poorest and least poor counties remained constant between 2000 and 2016, suggesting an important role for policies that improve the health of infants in poor areas.

Values and Political Predispositions in the Age of Polarization: Examining the Relationship between Partisanship and Ideology in the United States, 1988–2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Lupton ◽  
Steven M. Smallpage ◽  
Adam M. Enders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The correlation between ideology and partisanship in the mass public has increased in recent decades amid a climate of persistent and growing elite polarization. Given that core values shape subsequent political predispositions, as well as the demonstrated asymmetry of elite polarization, this article hypothesizes that egalitarianism and moral traditionalism moderate the relationship between ideology and partisanship in that the latter relationship will have increased over time only among individuals who maintain conservative value orientations. An analysis of pooled American National Election Studies surveys from 1988 to 2012 supports this hypothesis. The results enhance scholarly understanding of the role of core values in shaping mass belief systems and testify to the asymmetric nature and mass public reception of elite cues among liberals and conservatives.

scholarly journals Trends in Taxi Use and the Advent of Ridehailing, 1995–2017: Evidence from the US National Household Travel Survey

Urban Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Conway ◽  
Deborah Salon ◽  
David King
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Travel Survey ◽  
Household Travel Survey ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
National Household Travel Survey ◽  
Vehicle Market

The advent of ridehailing services such as Uber and Lyft has expanded for-hire vehicle travel. We use data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) to investigate the extent of this expansion in the United States. We report changes in the for-hire vehicle market since ridehailing services became available and statistically estimate the determinants of ridehailing use. From 2009–2017, the for-hire vehicle market share doubled. While for-hire vehicles still only account for 0.5% of all trips, the percent of all Americans who use ridehailing in any given month is nearly 10%. Within the for-hire vehicle market, this trend of growth has not been uniformly distributed across demographic groups or geographies; it has been greater in mid-sized and large cities, and among younger individuals and wealthier households. This suggests that understanding the equity implications of ridehailing is an important avenue for research. Multivariate analysis provides evidence that both transit and nonmotorized transport use are correlated with ridehailing use, that ridehailing has a negative relationship with vehicle ownership, and that residents of denser areas have higher ridehailing use. Given the rapid growth of ridehailing, it has become important for cities to include for-hire vehicles in their planning going forward. These NHTS data provide a starting point, but more detailed and frequent data collection is needed to fully understand this many-faceted, rapidly-changing market.

Low-income children’s readiness for group-based learning at age 3 and prekindergarten outcomes at age 5

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Hannah B Mudrick ◽  
JoAnn L Robinson ◽  
Holly E Brophy-Herb
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Classroom Learning ◽  
Classroom Adjustment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Developmental

Although 3-year-olds in the United States may attend prekindergarten prior to formal school entry in kindergarten, few investigations focus on the socioemotional foundations of classroom learning at age 3 and their relationship to later achievement. This study examined the relationship between age 3 readiness for group-based learning, modeled as the latent constructs, effortful control and social communication, and age 5 classroom adjustment and pre-academic outcomes. Data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project in the United States ( n = 797) included observations, direct assessment, and examiner and teacher report. Children’s effortful control predicted classroom adjustment and their social communication predicted pre-academic outcomes. Readiness for group-based learning provides a way to describe key constructs of early skill development and a framework to support children’s classroom learning. Implications include promoting parents’ and educators’ capacities to support early developmental foundations for later adjustment and learning by fostering infants’ and toddlers’ effortful control and social communication. Efforts to support these skills simultaneously across diverse experiences in the home and classroom by focusing on children’s individual needs may prove advantageous.

scholarly journals Ownership and Usage Analysis of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in the United States with the 2017 National Household Travel Survey Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefang Li ◽  
Chenhui Liu ◽  
Jianmin Jia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽  
Household Travel Survey ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
National Household Travel Survey ◽  
Daily Trip

By using the 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data, this study explores the status quo of ownership and usage of conventional vehicles (CVs) and alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), i.e., Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), in the United States. The young ages of HEVs (6.0 years), PHEVs (3.2 years) and BEVs (3.1 years) demonstrate the significance of the 2017 NHTS data. The results show that after two decades of development, AFVs only occupy about 5% of annual vehicle sales, and their share does not show big increases in recent years. Meanwhile, although HEVs still dominate the AFV market, the share of PHEVs & BEVs has risen to nearly 50% in 2017. In terms of ownership, income still seems to be a major factor influencing AFV adoption, with the median annual household incomes of CVs, HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs being $75,000, $100,000, $150,000 and $200,000, respectively. Besides, AFV households are more likely to live in urban areas, especially large metropolitan areas. Additionally, for AFVs, the proportions of old drivers are much smaller than CVs, indicating this age group might still have concerns regarding adopting AFVs. In terms of travel patterns, the mean and 85th percentile daily trip distances of PHEVs and HEVs are significantly larger than CVs, followed by BEVs. BEVs might still be able to replace CVs for meeting most travel demands after a single charge, considering most observed daily trip distances are fewer than 93.5 km for CVs. However, the observed max daily trip distances of AFVs are still much smaller than CVs, implying increasing the endurance to meet extremely long-distance travel demands is pivotal for encouraging consumers to adopt AFVs instead of CVs in the future.

Subject-specific and task-specific characteristics of metalinguistic awareness in bilingual children

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Joseph Galambos ◽  
Kenji Hakuta
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Metalinguistic Awareness ◽  
Puerto Rican Spanish ◽  
Transitional Bilingual ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Native Language Proficiency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

AbstractThe relationship between bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness was explored in Puerto Rican Spanish- and English-speaking children. All subjects were from low-income backgrounds and were enrolled in a transitional bilingual education program in the United States. Two longitudinal studies were conducted. The first study examined the abilities to note and correct ungrammatical sentences in Spanish. Subjects were 104 children in first and second grade at the beginning of the study. They were followed over a period of 2 years. The second study looked at the ability to detect ambiguity in sentences, and to paraphrase the different meanings. There were 107 subjects who were in fourth and fifth grades, and were also followed over a 2-year period. The results from both studies indicated that native language proficiency as well as the degree of bilingualism affected metalinguistic awareness. The results also indicated that these effects interacted with the types of items in the metalinguistic tasks. This suggests that both subject-specific and task-specific factors are important in understanding the relationship between bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Medical Spending Risk

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gruber ◽  
Helen Levy
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Over Time

How has the economic risk of health spending changed over time for U.S. households? We describe trends in aggregate health spending in the United States and how private insurance markets and public insurance programs have changed over time. We then present evidence from Consumer Expenditure Survey microdata on how the distribution of household spending on health—that is, out-of-pocket payments for medical care plus the household's share of health insurance premiums—has changed over time. This distribution has shifted up over time—households spend more on medical care and insurance than they used to—but for the purposes of measuring change in risk, it is not the mean but the dispersion of this distribution that is of interest. We consider two measures of dispersion that serve as proxies for household risk: the standard deviation of the distribution of household health spending and the ratio of the 90th percentile of spending to the median (the so-called “90/50 gap”). We find, surprisingly, that neither has increased despite the rapid rise in aggregate health spending. This conclusion holds true for broad subgroups of the population (for example, the nonelderly as a group) but not for some narrowly-defined subgroups (for example, low-income families with children). We next consider how much risk households should face, from the perspective of economic efficiency. Household risk may not have changed much over the past several decades, but do we have any evidence that this level represents either too much or too little risk? Finally, we discuss implications for public policy—in particular, for current debates over expanding health insurance coverage to the uninsured.

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