scholarly journals ON-FARM INCOME DIVERSIFICATION DECISIONS AMONG RURAL FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 386-392
Author(s):  
OsuaforOgonna O ◽  
◽  
NwankwoTemple N. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
On Farm

scholarly journals The Effects of Non-Farm Enterprises on Farm Households’ Income and Consumption Expenditure in Rural India

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
. Zeeshan ◽  
Geetilaxmi Mohapatra ◽  
Arun Kumar Giri
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Probit Models ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
On Farm

Nationally representative data of farm households from India Human Development Surveys (IHDS) conducted in 2004-05 and 2011-12 are explored. This article analyzes the effects of income diversification in non-farm enterprises on farm households’ income and consumption expenditure in rural India. Panel probit models were built to examine the determinants of income diversification while propensity score matching was used to account selection bias resulting from unobserved factors and controls for structural differences between diversified and undiversified farm households. The results suggest that by engaging in non-farm enterprises, rural farm households make positive gains in farm income and consumption expenditure.

THE DETERMINANTS OF LIVELIHOOD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
M. Akinyemi ◽  
J. A. Olayinka ◽  
M. Junaidu ◽  
D. Ekpa ◽  
T. Bodaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Access To Credit

Rural economy in Nigeria is worst hit with the erratic and unpredictable factors that affect agricultural practice which is the main livelihood of the rural farm households. Consequently, farmers are left with the option of sourcing other means of survival to cope with the hard times due to in consistent and seasonal distribution of income which characterize small farm holders in sub-Saharan African countries. This study investigates the factor influencing the livelihood income diversification among rural farm households in Osun state, Nigeria. Multi stage sampling techniques was employed to sample120 structured and pre-tested questionnaires from 120 rural farm households. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the descriptive statistics revealed that household heads of age range 50-60 years are 38.6% and about 40.70% had primary education while 26.30% had no education. About 98.31% of the rural households engaged in farming out of which 80.57% have farm size ranging between 1-3 hacters. Logit regression analysis shows that access to credit was positively significant (P<0.05) which implies that farmers that have access to credit were more likelihood to have income diversification. Age of the farmers was negatively significant (P<0.1). It connotes that the older the farmers the lesser the likelihood to income diversification. Income equivalent of household was positively significant (P<0.1). Access to electricity was positively significant (P<0.05). This implies that access to electricity increase farmer’s likelihood to income diversification. The off-farm income analysis shows that education and farm size were respectively negative and

scholarly journals Income Diversification and Sustainable Land Management Practices among Rural Cassava-based Farmers in Imo State

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
I. H. Eririogu ◽  
E. D. Mevayekuku ◽  
R. N. Echebiri ◽  
A. Atama ◽  
P. C. Amanze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Sustainable Land Management ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Cassava Production ◽  
On Farm

Aims: To examine the income diversification activities and sustainable land management practices among rural cassava-based farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Study Design: Primary data collection. Place and Duration of Study: Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Pre-requisite study, Post-Graduation in Agricultural Resource and Environmental Economics, between August 2017 and January 2018. Methodology: Data were collected using well-structured questionnaire, administered to rural cassava-based farmers. Multi-stage and purposive sampling techniques were employed, and one hundred and twenty (120) farmers were randomly selected for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Sustainable Land Management Index, Probit model and Inverse Herfindahl–Hirschman Diversity Index. The sustainable land management index (SLMI) was constructed from twelve (12) different sustainable land management indicators based on the sustainable practices prevalent in the study area. Results: Results showed that cassava-based production was dominated by female farmers (63.33%) with mean age of 46, married (70.00%) with mean household size of 6 persons. The Inverse Herfindahl-Hirschman Diversity (IHHD) results showed that 87.50% of rural cassava-based farmers diversified their income base into other income-generating activities namely, off-farm and/or non-farm activities. The mean naira value for on-farm income was N 130,646.2k, while that of off-farm and non-farm were N 20,554.17k and N 78,333.33k, respectively. Cassava-based farmers diversified mostly into non-farm activities together with their on-farm activities, with a mean annual income (in naira) of N244,333.60k. The probit analysis showed that off-farm and non-farm activities have positive and significant effects on sustainable land management practices. The off-farm and non-farm activities encouraged the rural cassava-based farmers to adapt sustainable land management practices. However, doubling farmer’s engagement to off-farm activities (off-farm2) had a negative effect on sustainable land management, indicating that doubling their engagement to off-farm activities empowers farmers to adapt unsustainable labour-saving practices such over use of agrochemicals (herbicides, inorganic fertilizers and insecticides), due to drudgery and exhaustion as they allocate more of their labour services to another farmer’s farm. Conclusion: In order to improve the adoption and adaption of sustainable land management practices, and reduce the drudgery in cassava production as farmers diversify more into off-farm activities, sustainable labour-saving technologies and practices such as conservation tillage and simple tools that reduce labour requirement in cassava production, save time and energy, were recommended. More lands should be allocated to cassava farmers, as farm land diversity will facilitate the adoption and adaption of sustainable land management practices such as fallowing and crop rotation that increase productivity by replacing fallow periods with growing different crops that replenish soil nutrients.

THE DETERMINANTS OF LIVELIHOOD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
M. Akinyemi ◽  
J. A. Olayinka ◽  
M. Junaidu ◽  
D. Ekpa ◽  
T. Bodaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Access To Credit

Rural economy in Nigeria is worst hit with the erratic and unpredictable factors that affect agricultural practice which is the main livelihood of the rural farm households. Consequently, farmers are left with the option of sourcing other means of survival to cope with the hard times due to inconsistent and seasonal distribution of income which characterize small farm holders in sub-Saharan African countries. This study investigates the factor influencing the livelihood income diversification among rural farm households in Osun state, Nigeria. Multi stage sampling techniques was employed to sample 120 structured and pre-tested questionnaires from 120 rural farm households. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the descriptive statistics revealed that household heads of age range 50-60 years are 38.6% and about 40.70% had primary education while 26.30% had no education. About 98.31% of the rural households engaged in farming out of which 80.57% have farm size ranging between 1-3hacters. Logit regression analysis shows that access to credit was positively significant (P<0.05) which implies that farmers that have access to credit were more likelihood to have income diversification. Age of the farmers was negatively significant (P<0.1). It connotes that the older the farmers the lesser the likelihood to income diversification. Income equivalent of household was positively significant (P<0.1). Access to electricity was positively significant (P<0.05). This implies that access to electricity increase farmer’s likelihood to income diversification. The off-farm income analysis shows that education and farm size were respectively negative and

Economic Analysis of Non-Farm and Off-Farm Income Sector: A Way Ahead in Making Farmers Income Profitable

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Multi Stage

Income diversification is an important strategy to augments income among small and marginal farmers. This study evaluated the income diversification among farm households in the Ariyalur district. A multi-stage sampling technique was used, and 115 rural households were selected by applying Arkin and Colton formula. The data collected were analyzed using the Herfindahl index and Gini-coefficient. The results showed that the average number of income sources accessed by all marginal farmers is about 1.81, and small farmers are about 1.90, and small farmers had an income diversification range of 0.64 to 0.65, which is a medium diversification category. When the non-farm and off income were considered together with agricultural income, the overall income inequality dropped. The results suggested that the local government should take serious steps to create employment avenues for smallholders outside agriculture that provide credit, training, and necessary inputs to rural households and recommended for public investment in rural infrastructures, such as roads and bridges, telecommunications, education, energy, and water.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Determinants of Non-farm Income Diversification of Farm Households in Peshawar District of Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazish Kanwal ◽  
Muhammad Ammad Khan ◽  
Zhihao Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Statistical Measures

Abstract The agricultural sector in Pakistan is not well-established to provide full employment opportunities and sufficient income for needed living standard to the rural population. Stagnant agricultural productivity and low returns in farming have led rural residents to look for alternative livelihoods, especially non-farm employment. With this background, the present study is an endeavor to empirically determine the factors of non-farm income diversification of rural farm households in Peshawar district of Pakistan. The study was undertaken in four villages and data was amassed from 196 small farming households by using the multi-stage sampling technique. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistical measures, the mean of income shares approach and the ordinary least squares regression analysis. The results indicate that in all the selected villages, the pattern of non-farm employment was more or less the same; however, the income from non-farm employment activities had an important contribution towards incrementing the absolute income of farm households. Non-farm income diversification is hence crucial for sustaining livelihoods and an integral dimension for invigorating rural economies. Therefore, the study recommends the promotion of non-farm employment as a good strategy for supplementing the income of small farmers without shifting attention from agriculture.

Does a farmland zoning program impact farm income: empirical evidence from farm households in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1621-1643
Author(s):  
Hung-Hao Chang ◽  
Tzu-Chin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Wealth Effect ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Program Impact ◽  
Farm Operators ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Does farmland zoning affect farm income, and why? This study addresses these questions using a case study in Taiwan. We use a unique farmland-level dataset and apply the regression discontinuity design to quantify the effects of zoning on farm income. We find that the zoning program decreases farm income. The programme effects are heterogeneous, as they are more pronounced for farms in the higher percentiles of the farm income distribution. Moreover, a larger effect is found for elderly farm operators. Concerning the mechanism, we argue that the zoning program generated an optional benefit or wealth effect for eligible farms. This wealth effect then reallocates family labour to off-farm jobs. Consequently, the zoning program reduces income from farming.

Income diversification strategies among rural households in developing countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardin Senadza
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Multinomial Logit ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Diversification Strategies ◽  
On Farm

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the income strategies adopted by rural households in Ghana and analyzes the determinants of households’ choice of income portfolio. Design/methodology/approach – A multinomial logit approach is employed by the paper to investigate the determinants of various income strategies adopted by households in rural Ghana. Findings – Results indicate that household characteristics, location and infrastructure all play a role in explaining the adoption of income strategies other than a purely on-farm strategy by households. Education is a key determinant of income strategies involving non-farm wage employment, while access to credit and electricity play important roles in non-farm self-employment income strategies. Practical implications – The findings of the paper call for a promotion of off-farm income opportunities to complement farm incomes and to enhance access of rural households to these sources of income. Originality/value – The paper models rural household income portfolios into mutually exclusive categories which enables the application of the multinomial logit approach. The paper deviates from mainstream rural income diversification literature that has focussed on assessing the determinants of income shares.

scholarly journals IS DIVERSIFICATION OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS STILL AN OPTION FOR INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT? EVIDENCE FROM SLOVENIA AND SAARLAND, GERMANY

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birte Nienaber ◽  
Irma Potočnik Slavič
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Member State ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Integrated Rural Development

Abstract Multifunctionality of rural areas in Europe has become an important aspect of rural development in the last years. An important instrument to ameliorate the multifunctionality is diversification of farm income. As various forms of farm income diversification have been developed throughout Europe, the paper will survey the effectiveness of undertaken measures. First the issue of farm diversification will be argued theoretically. Then case studies from Saarland, Germany, and from Slovenia will analyse the importance of diversification for rural areas. A comparison of the two regions will reveal the chances and risks of diversification in a comparable new and old EU member state.

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