scholarly journals Small vessel disease to subcortical dementia: a dynamic model, which interfaces aging, cholinergic dysregulation and the neurovascular unit

2019 ◽  
Vol Volume 15 ◽  
pp. 259-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Caruso ◽  
Riccardo Signori ◽  
Rita Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Subcortical Dementia ◽  
Vessel Disease

scholarly journals Pathomechanisms of HIV-Associated Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Comprehensive Clinical and Neuroimaging Protocol and Analysis Pipeline

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle D. Murray ◽  
Meera V. Singh ◽  
Yuchuan Zhuang ◽  
Md Nasir Uddin ◽  
Xing Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Monocytes

Rationale: We provide an in-depth description of a comprehensive clinical, immunological, and neuroimaging study that includes a full image processing pipeline. This approach, although implemented in HIV infected individuals, can be used in the general population to assess cerebrovascular health.Aims: In this longitudinal study, we seek to determine the effects of neuroinflammation due to HIV-1 infection on the pathomechanisms of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). The study focuses on the interaction of activated platelets, pro-inflammatory monocytes and endothelial cells and their impact on the neurovascular unit. The effects on the neurovascular unit are evaluated by a novel combination of imaging biomarkers.Sample Size: We will enroll 110 HIV-infected individuals on stable combination anti-retroviral therapy for at least three months and an equal number of age-matched controls. We anticipate a drop-out rate of 20%.Methods and Design: Subjects are followed for three years and evaluated by flow cytometric analysis of whole blood (to measure platelet activation, platelet monocyte complexes, and markers of monocyte activation), neuropsychological testing, and brain MRI at the baseline, 18- and 36-month time points. MRI imaging follows the recommended clinical small vessel imaging standards and adds several advanced sequences to obtain quantitative assessments of brain tissues including white matter microstructure, tissue susceptibility, and blood perfusion.Discussion: The study provides further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of CSVD in chronic inflammatory disorders such as HIV infection. The longitudinal study design and comprehensive approach allows the investigation of quantitative changes in imaging metrics and their impact on cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary salt on gene and protein expression in brain tissue of a model of sporadic small vessel disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (12) ◽  
pp. 1315-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Bailey ◽  
Martin W. McBride ◽  
John D. McClure ◽  
Wendy Beattie ◽  
Delyth Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression

Background: The effect of salt on cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is poorly understood. We assessed the effect of dietary salt on cerebral tissue of the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) – a relevant model of sporadic SVD – at both the gene and protein level. Methods: Brains from 21-week-old SHRSP and Wistar-Kyoto rats, half additionally salt-loaded (via a 3-week regime of 1% NaCl in drinking water), were split into two hemispheres and sectioned coronally – one hemisphere for mRNA microarray and qRT-PCR, the other for immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies targeting components of the neurovascular unit. Results: We observed differences in gene and protein expression affecting the acute phase pathway and oxidative stress (ALB, AMBP, APOH, AHSG and LOC100129193, up-regulated in salt-loaded WKY versus WKY, >2-fold), active microglia (increased Iba-1 protein expression in salt-loaded SHRSP versus salt-loaded WKY, p<0.05), vascular structure (ACTB and CTNNB, up-regulated in salt-loaded SHRSP versus SHRSP, >3-fold; CLDN-11, VEGF and VGF down-regulated >2-fold in salt-loaded SHRSP versus SHRSP) and myelin integrity (MBP down-regulated in salt loaded WKY rats versus WKY, >2.5-fold). Changes of salt-loading were more pronounced in SHRSP and occurred without an increase in blood pressure in WKY rats. Conclusion: Salt exposure induced changes in gene and protein expression in an experimental model of SVD and its parent rat strain in multiple pathways involving components of the glio-vascular unit. Further studies in pertinent experimental models at different ages would help clarify the short- and long-term effect of dietary salt in SVD.

scholarly journals Disturbance in neurovascular unit plays a pivotal role in pathophysiology of small vessel disease in the brain

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1365-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Itoh ◽  
Haruki Toriumi ◽  
Taeko Ebine ◽  
Miyuki Unekawa ◽  
Satoshi Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
The Brain

The neurovascular unit and possible influences on cerebral small vessel disease

2014 ◽  
pp. 99-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. del Zoppo ◽  
Yoshikane Izawa ◽  
Brian T. Hawkins ◽  
Leonardo Pantoni ◽  
Philip B. Gorelick
Keyword(s):  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Vessel Disease
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