scholarly journals The United States Drug Enforcement Administration and Prescription Opioid Production Quotas: An End Game of Eradication?

2020 ◽  
Vol Volume 13 ◽  
pp. 2629-2631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E Schatman ◽  
Erica L Wegrzyn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Drug Enforcement Administration

scholarly journals Rise and Regional Disparities in Buprenorphine Utilization in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Azar R. Pashmineh ◽  
Alexandra Cruz-Mullane ◽  
Jaclyn C. Podd ◽  
Warren S. Lam ◽  
Suhail H. Kaleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Drug Enforcement Administration ◽  
The Us

AbstractAimsBuprenorphine is an opioid partial-agonist used to treat Opioid Use Disorders (OUD). While several state and federal policy changes have attempted to increase buprenorphine availability, access remains well below optimal levels. This study characterized how buprenorphine utilization in the United States has changed over time and whether there are regional disparities in distribution.MeasurementsBuprenorphine weights distributed from 2007 to 2017 were obtained from the Drug Enforcement Administration. Data was expressed as the percent change and as the mg per person in each state. Separately, the formulations for prescriptions covered by Medicaid (2008 to 2018) were examined.FindingsBuprenorphine distributed to pharmacies increased about seven-fold (476.8 to 3,179.9 kg) while the quantities distributed to hospitals grew five-fold (18.6 to 97.6 kg) nationally from 2007 to 2017. Buprenorphine distribution per person was almost 20-fold higher in Vermont (40.4 mg/person) relative to South Dakota (2.1 mg/person). There was a strong association between the number of waivered physicians per 100K population and distribution per state (r(49) = +0.76, p < .0005). The buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual film (Suboxone) was the predominant formulation (92.6% of 0.31 million Medicaid prescriptions) in 2008 but this accounted for less than three-fifths (57.3% of 6.56 million prescriptions) in 2018.ConclusionsAlthough buprenorphine availability has substantially increased over the last decade, distribution was very non-homogenous across the US.

scholarly journals Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions from 2006 to 2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Piper ◽  
Kenneth McCall ◽  
Lori Kogan ◽  
Peter Hellyer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Drug Enforcement Administration ◽  
Controlled Substance ◽  
Over Time

Objective: To evaluate the changing pattern of distribution of Schedule II and III opioids, barbiturates, and stimulants to veterinary educational institutions in the United States. Design: Longitudinal study. Sample: Veterinary teaching institutions that use Schedule II and III drugs. Procedures: Distribution of controlled substances to veterinary teaching institutions was obtained from the Drug Enforcement Administration&rsquo;s Automated Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) for opioids (e.g. methadone, fentanyl, codeine), barbiturates (pentobarbital, butalbital), and stimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine) from 2006 - 2019. Opioids were converted to their morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for evaluation over time. Results: Controlled substance distribution to veterinary schools exhibited dynamic, and agent specific, changes. The total MME for eleven opioids peaked in 2013 and decreased by 17.3% in 2019. Methadone accounted for two-fifths (42.3%) and fentanyl over one-third (35.4%) of the total MME in 2019. Pentobarbital distribution was greatest by weight of all substances studied and peaked in 2011 at 69.4 kg. Stimulants underwent a pronounced decline and were very modest by 2014. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Opioids by total MME in veterinary teaching practice have undergone more modest changes than opioids used with humans. Hydrocodone, codeine and recently fentanyl use have declined while methadone increased. Stimulant distribution decreased to become negligible. Together, this pattern of findings warrant continued monitoring.

Decline and Pronounced Regional Disparities in Medical Cocaine Usage in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 875512252110355
Author(s):  
Youngeun C. Armbuster ◽  
Brian N. Banas ◽  
Kristen D. Feickert ◽  
Stephanie E. England ◽  
Erik J. Moyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Drug Enforcement Administration

Background: Cocaine is a stimulant and Schedule II drug used as a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor. Objective: This descriptive study characterized medical cocaine use in the United States. Methods: Retail drug distribution data from 2002 to 2017 were extracted for each state from the Drug Enforcement Administration, which reports on medical, research, and analytical chemistry use. The percentage of buyers (pharmacies, hospitals, and providers) was obtained. Use per state, corrected for population, was determined. Available cross-sectional data on cocaine use as reported by the Medicare and Medicaid programs for 2013-2017 and electronic medical records were examined. Results: Medical cocaine use decreased by −62.5% from 2002 to 2017. Hospitals accounted for 84.9% and practitioners for 9.9% of cocaine distribution in 2017. The number of pharmacies carrying cocaine dropped by −69.4%. The percentages of hospitals, practitioners, and pharmacies that carried cocaine in 2017 were 38.4%, 2.3%, and 0.3%, respectively. There was a 7-fold difference in 2002 (South Dakota, 76.1 mg/100 persons; Delaware, 10.1 mg/100 persons). Relative to the average state in 2017, those reporting the highest values (Montana, 20.1; North Dakota, 24.1 mg/100 persons) were significantly elevated. Cocaine use within the Medicare and Medicaid programs was negligible. Cocaine use within the Geisinger system was rare from 2002 to 2007 (<4 orders/100 000 patients per year) but increased to 48.7 in 2018. Conclusion and Relevance: If these pharmacoepidemiological patterns continue, licit cocaine may soon become a historical relic. The pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics education of health care providers may need to be adjusted accordingly.

Theft, Opioid Pills, Unemployment, and Insurance: A Longitudinal Analysis of American Counties in the Wake of the Opioids Crisis

2021 ◽  
pp. 002204262199869
Author(s):  
Leanne M. Confer ◽  
John H. Boman ◽  
Cori Pryor ◽  
Thomas J. Mowen ◽  
Paul Hemez
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Federal Bureau ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Drug Enforcement Administration ◽  
Unemployment And Health ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationships between prescription opioid pills, unemployment, health insurance, and theft. Covering the years 2006–2012, our data are an aggregate of information from the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s National Incident-Based Reporting System, and the American Community Survey (ACS). The unit of analysis is time nested within counties. Preliminary results demonstrate that there were approximately 46 prescription opioid pills distributed per person annually in the United States between 2006 and 2012. Multivariate results reveal that counties with higher numbers of prescription opioid pills tend to experience significantly higher patterns of theft. Interestingly, health insurance is positively associated with theft while unemployment appears to protect against theft. The relationship between pills and theft is also conditioned by both unemployment and health insurance. Future research should explore these relationships to better inform efforts at making responsible social policy in the midst of the opioids crisis.

Quest for Integrity: The Mexican-US Drug Issue in the 1980s

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Reuter ◽  
David Ronfeldt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Dominant Source ◽  
Drug Enforcement Administration ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Mexican Government

The Flow of drugs from Mexico to the United States has been a source of trouble in US-Mexican relations for at least two decades. The dominant view in Mexico is that the problem arises from the inability of the United States to control its domestic demand for heroin, cocaine, and marijuana. The dominant US view has been that the Mexican government has failed to make effective efforts to control the supply of drugs. At times — in particular after the killing of Enrique Camarena, an agent of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), in 1985 — US government anger at Mexico's alleged failure to maintain the integrity of its anti-drug efforts has been the dominant source of friction between the two nations.

Chronic prescription opioid use in pregnancy in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreen Straub ◽  
Krista F. Huybrechts ◽  
Sonia Hernandez‐Diaz ◽  
Yanmin Zhu ◽  
Seanna Vine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Prescription Opioid Use ◽  
In Pregnancy

scholarly journals Methadone Distribution Trends from 2017-2019 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Furst ◽  
Nicholas J. Mynarski ◽  
Kenneth L. McCall ◽  
Brian J. Piper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
The Us

AbstractObjectiveMethadone is an evidence based treatment for opioid use disorder and is also employed for acute pain. The primary objective of this study was to explore methadone distribution patterns between the years 2017 and 2019 across the United States (US). This study builds upon previous literature that has analyzed prior years of US distribution patterns, and further outlines regional and state specific methadone trends.MethodsThe Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automated Reports and Consolidated Ordering System (ARCOS) was used to acquire the number of narcotic treatment programs (NTPs) per state and methadone distribution weight in grams. Methadone distribution by weight, corrected for state populations, and number of NTPs were compared from 2017 to 2019 between states, within regions, and nationally.ResultsBetween 2017 and 2019, the national distribution of methadone increased 12.30% for NTPs but decreased 34.57% for pain, for a total increase of 2.66%. While all states saw a decrease in distribution for pain, when compared regionally, the Northeast showed a significantly smaller decrease than all other regions. Additionally, the majority of states experienced an increase in distribution for NTPs and most states demonstrated a relatively stable or increasing number of NTPs, with an 11.49% increase in NTPs nationally. The number of NTPs per 100K in 2019 ranged from 2.08 in Rhode Island to 0.00 in Wyoming.ConclusionAlthough methadone distribution for OUD was increasing in the US, there were pronounced regional disparities.

In Defense of the Supreme Court Decision in Alvarez-Machain

1992 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malvina Halberstam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
International Law ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Criminal Suspects ◽  
The Media

In United States v. Alvarez-Machain, the Supreme Court sustained the jurisdiction of a U.S. court to try a Mexican national, charged with various counts of conspiracy, kidnaping and the murder of a U.S. drug enforcement agent in Mexico, even though his presence in the United States was the result of abduction rather than extradition pursuant to the Extradition Treaty between the United States and Mexico. The Court did not hold, as widely reported in the media, that the Treaty permits abduction, that abduction is legal, or that the United States had a right to kidnap criminal suspects abroad. On the contrary, the Court acknowledged that the abduction may have been a violation of international law. It stated, “Respondent and his amici may be correct that respondent’s abduction was ’shocking’ and that it may be in violation of general international law principles.”

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