scholarly journals Characterization of exosomes derived from Toxoplasma gondii and their functions in modulating immune responses

2018 ◽  
Vol Volume 13 ◽  
pp. 467-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawen Li ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Fangming Xiu ◽  
Jianing Wang ◽  
Hua Cong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immune Responses

scholarly journals Butyrophilin-like 2 regulates site-specific adaptations of intestinal γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Casandra Panea ◽  
Ruoyu Zhang ◽  
Jeffrey VanValkenburgh ◽  
Min Ni ◽  
Christina Adler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Homeostatic Proliferation ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Repertoire Diversity

AbstractTissue-resident γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Epithelia-specific butyrophilin-like (Btnl) molecules induce perinatal development of distinct Vγ TCR+ IELs, however, the mechanisms that control γδ IEL maintenance within discrete intestinal segments are unclear. Here, we show that Btnl2 suppressed homeostatic proliferation of γδ IELs preferentially in the ileum. High throughput transcriptomic characterization of site-specific Btnl2-KO γδ IELs reveals that Btnl2 regulated the antimicrobial response module of ileal γδ IELs. Btnl2 deficiency shapes the TCR specificities and TCRγ/δ repertoire diversity of ileal γδ IELs. During DSS-induced colitis, Btnl2-KO mice exhibit increased inflammation and delayed mucosal repair in the colon. Collectively, these data suggest that Btnl2 fine-tunes γδ IEL frequencies and TCR specificities in response to site-specific homeostatic and inflammatory cues. Hence, Btnl-mediated targeting of γδ IEL development and maintenance may help dissect their immunological functions in intestinal diseases with segment-specific manifestations.

Characterization of the New Fecal Form of Toxoplasma gondii

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Dubey ◽  
Nancy L. Miller ◽  
J. K. Frenkel
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii

Detection and characterization of DNA polymerase activity in Toxoplasma gondii

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Makioka ◽  
B. Stavros ◽  
J. T. Ellis ◽  
A. M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Dna Polymerases ◽  
Sedimentation Coefficient ◽  
Polymerase Activity ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Dna Polymerase Β ◽  
Human Dna ◽  
Approximate Molecular Weight

SUMMARYA DNA polymerase activity has been detected and characterized in crude extracts from tachzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 6·4 S, corresponding to an approximate molecular weight of 150000 assuming a globular shape. Like mammalian DNA polymerase α, the DNA polymerase of T. gondii was sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide and inhibited by high ionic strength. However, the enzyme activity was not inhibited by aphidicolin which is an inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, δ and ε and also cytosine-β-D-arabinofuranoside-5′-triphosphate which is an inhibitor of α polymerase. The activity was inhibited by 2′,3′-dideoxythymidine-5′-triphosphate which is an inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase β and γ. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) were absolutely required for activity and its optimal concentration was 6 mM. The optimum potassium (K+) concentration was 50 mM and a higher concentration of K+ markedly inhibited the activity. Activity was optimal at pH 8. Monoclonal antibodies against human DNA polymerase did not bind to DNA polymerase of T. gondii. Thus the T. gondii enzyme differs from the human enzymes and may be a useful target for the design of toxoplasmacidal drugs.

Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from Alabama, USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 1333-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yu ◽  
Jilong Shen ◽  
Chunlei Su ◽  
Christine A. Sundermann
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Characterization

scholarly journals Development of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Brown ◽  
Hanna Seitz ◽  
Victoria Towne ◽  
Martin Müller ◽  
Adam C. Finnefrock
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cervical Cancers ◽  
Hpv Types ◽  
Oncogenic Hpv ◽  
Neutralizing Epitopes ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological agent for all cervical cancers, a significant number of other anogenital cancers, and a growing number of head and neck cancers. Two licensed vaccines offer protection against the most prevalent oncogenic types, 16 and 18, responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide and one of these also offers protection against types 6 and 11, responsible for 90% of genital warts. The vaccines are comprised of recombinantly expressed major capsid proteins that self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) and prevent infection by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Adding the other frequently identified oncogenic types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 to a vaccine would increase the coverage against HPV-induced cancers to approximately 90%. We describe the generation and characterization of panels of monoclonal antibodies to these five additional oncogenic HPV types, and the selection of antibody pairs that were high affinity and type specific and recognized conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes. Such characteristics make these antibodies useful tools for monitoring the production and potency of a prototype vaccine as well as monitoring vaccine-induced immune responses in the clinic.

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in donkeys in northeastern China

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 455-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Xuan Zhang ◽  
Wei Shi ◽  
Nian-Zhang Zhang ◽  
Kun Shi ◽  
Jian-Ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Northeastern China
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