scholarly journals Bacterial Isolates from CSF Samples and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns Among Children Under Five Suspected to Have Meningitis in Dilla University Referral Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol Volume 13 ◽  
pp. 4193-4202
Author(s):  
Ephrem Awulachew ◽  
Kuma Diriba ◽  
Netsanet Awoke
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Resistance Patterns

scholarly journals Multiple drug resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella isolated from diarrhoeic children at Kapsabet County referral hospital, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ongwae H. Zachariah ◽  
Mwamburi A. Lizzy ◽  
Kakai Rose ◽  
Mutuku M. Angela
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background Diarrhoea is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in children under five years old. In Kenya, it has a 21% case fatality with Enteropathogenic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. accounting for 50–60% of the cases. Sulphonamides, tetracycline, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are typically used in the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases but have become ineffective in the face of emerging antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella species in children under five years of age presenting with diarrhoea at Kapsabet County Referral Hospital in Kenya. Methods Faecal samples were collected from 139 children admitted with diarrhoea. Each sample was examined macroscopically for colour, texture, and presence of extraneous material. The samples were then cultured for bacterial growth. Observed bacterial growth was isolated and identified by a series of biochemical tests. Resistance patterns were also evaluated using the Kirby – Bauer Disk diffusion method. The chi – square test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used to establish statistical significance. Results Approximately 33.1% of the total faecal samples tested were positive for enteric pathogens. Shigella spp. demonstrated resistance to erythromycin (91.7%), doxycyclin (83.3%), ampicillin (82.1%), cotrimoxazole (73.1%), minocycline (66.7%) and cefuroxime (54.2%). Campylobacter jejuni also exhibited resistance to erythromycin (87.5%), doxycyclin (75%), ampicillin (73.7%), cotrimoxazole (73.3%) and minocycline (68.8%). Conclusions The resistance patterns of Shigella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni reported in this study necessitates the need for a comprehensive multiregional investigation to evaluate the geographical prevalence and antimicrobial resistance distributions of these microorganisms. These findings also support the need for the discovery and development of effective therapeutic alternatives. Trial registration Retrospectively registered. Certificate No. 00762

scholarly journals Bacterial isolates from CSF sample and their antimicrobial resistance patters in among under-five children suspected for meningitis in Dilla University Referral Hospital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ephrem Awulachew ◽  
Kuma Diriba ◽  
Netsanet Awoke
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Blood Agar Plate ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

AbstractIntroductionBacterial meningitis is medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention. It is a cause of an estimated 288, 649 deaths worldwide per year, of which 94 883 death occur among Under-five children. Up to 24% of the survivors suffer from long-term sequelae such as epilepsy, mental retardation, or sensorineural deafness especially when the disease is contracted during early childhood.Objectivethe aim of this study was to assess bacterial isolates of CSF sample and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among under-five children in Dilla University Referral Hospital.Material and MethodsHospital based cross-sectional study design was used to collect clinical data and CSF sample from under-five children who was suspected for meningitis. Sediment of CSF sample was inoculated to Blood Agar plate, Chocolate Agar plate and Mackonkey Agar for bacterial isolation and identification. Chemical analysis and cytological analysis was also conducted based on standard operating procedures.ResultsFrom a total of 287 CSF sample cultured, causative bacteria were detected in 38 (13.2%). From culture positive cases the most frequent isolate was Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 (34.2%) followed by Staphylococcus aureas 7 (18.4%), Neisseria meningitidis 6 (16%) and Escherichia coli 6 (16%). Haemophilus influenzae b was isolated in 4 (10.5%) of children with meningitis. The other cause of meningitis was Streptococcus agalactiae which accounted (10.5%). Cryptococcus neoformans have been detected in 4 (1.9%) cases of meningitis. Of all bacterial isolates about 42.1% (16/38) bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant. About 38.5% of S. pneumoniae was multidrug resistance while about 33.3% N. meningitis, 50% of H. influenzae, 57.1% of S. aureas and 40% of E. coli showed multidrug resistanceConclusionsHigh prevalence of bacterial meningitis and high rate of drug resistance were observed. S. pneumoniae was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis among under-five children.

scholarly journals Comorbidities and Factors Associated with Mortality among Children under Five Years Admitted with Severe Acute Malnutrition in the Nutritional Unit of Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Eastern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Desire Banga ◽  
Melvis Baren ◽  
Namale Vivian Ssonko ◽  
Franck Katembo Sikakulya ◽  
Yves Tibamwenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Regional Referral Hospital ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Eastern Uganda ◽  
Children Under 5

Background. Mortality among children with severe acute malnutrition remains an immense health concern in the hospitals in developing countries, but its attributes are not completely assessed in various hospital settings. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of mortality, the comorbidities, and factors associated with in-hospital mortality among children under five years of age admitted with severe acute malnutrition at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Eastern Uganda. Methods. This was a hospital-based analytical and descriptive prospective cohort study conducted in the nutritional unit of Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. A total of 338 children and their caretakers who met the criteria were consecutively enrolled into the study. Descriptive statistics were used to each of the independent factors, and comorbidities were subjected to chi-squared test followed by logistic regression analysis to assess its association incidence of mortality among children. All independent variables with p values ≤ 0.05 were entered into a multivariate model for factors and comorbidities independently. Factors and comorbidities with p values ≤ 0.05 were considered as associates of mortality among children. Results. Of the 338 children under 5 years of age enrolled, 49 (14.5%) died, although the majority of children were diagnosed with dehydration, 128 (37.9%); pneumonia, 127(37.6%); and malaria, 87(25.7%). Anemia ( aRR = 2.9 , 95% CI: 1.23-6.62, p = 0.01 ), bacteremia ( aRR = 10.0 , 95% CI: 3.62-29.01, p = 0.01 ), HIV ( aRR = 4.8 , 95% CI: 1.42-16.30, p < 0.01 ), TB ( aRR = 4.3 , 95% CI: 1.28-14.49, p < 0.02 ), and shock ( aRR = 60.9 , 95% CI: 9.05-410.28, p < 0.01 ) were the comorbidities significantly associated with a likelihood of mortality. Conclusions. The mortality among children under 5 years of age admitted with severe acute malnutrition is still high (14.5% versus 5%). The comorbidities are significantly associated with mortality. The clinicians are recommended to follow-up closely patients with severe acute malnutrition and to focus on the critical comorbidities identified.

scholarly journals Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ofHaemophilus influenzaefrom Nasopharynx of Children under Five Years Attending Maternal and Child Health Clinic in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Daniel Omoding ◽  
Joel Bazira
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Maternal And Child Health ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Regional Referral Hospital ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
And Child Health

Background. H. influenzaeremains an organism of a major public health challenge worldwide despite the availability of the Hib vaccine, particularly among children under 5 years. Information on the current carriage status and antibiotic susceptibility is key on proper health-care provision. Therefore, we conducted a study to determineH. influenzaecarriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates among the children.Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between January and May 2018, among clinically healthy children under five years attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinic in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). We carried out standard microbiology methods to culture, isolate, and identifyH. influenzae, and then, we tested for their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics following the CLSI standards.Results. Of the 248 participants included in the study, 116 (46.77%) were females and 132 (53.23%) males and 78 (31.45%) were below the age of 3 months. Fifty one of the study participants hadH. influenzaein their nasopharynx, which represents 20.56% carriage (95% CI 15.49 to 25.63). There was a general high susceptibility of the isolates to the antimicrobial agents commonly used. There was 100% susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and imipenem antibiotic agents, though 6 (11.76%) and 4 (7.84%) of the isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin, respectively.Conclusion. The high burden presented byH. influenzaeand the resultant impact on child health require much attention to prevention of infections associated with the organism. A well-funded molecular study focusing on typing the isolates would determine the impact of the vaccine, given the carriage rates are still high.

scholarly journals Bacteriology and Antibiotic Prescription Patterns in a Malawian Tertiary Hospital Burns Unit

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Kasenda ◽  
Donnie Mategula ◽  
Geoffrey Elihu Manda ◽  
Tilinde Keith Chokotho
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Prescription ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Prescription Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Burns Unit

ABSTRACTIntroductionInfections are responsible for up to 85% of deaths in patients with burn injuries. Proper management of infections in patients with burns requires knowledge of local microbial landscape and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Most burns units in low to middle income countries lack this data to guide patient management.Methods and resultsWe conducted a retrospective audit of adult (≥17 years) patient records admitted between at 1st June 2007 and May 2017 at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Burns unit in Blantyre Malawi with an index complaint of burn injury. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to determine antibiotic prescription patterns, microbial isolates and antimicrobial resistance patterns on the 500 patient files that met the inclusion criteria. Cephalosporin’s and Penicillin’s constituted 72.3% of the 328 antibiotic prescriptions given to 212 patients and 84% of all prescriptions were potentially inappropriate. A total of 102 bacterial isolates were identified and a majority (30.4%; n=31) were resistant to Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols (23.5%; n=24); seconded by Penicillin’s at 19.6% (n=20). Pseudomonas, staphylococcus and streptococcus species constituted 36.1%, 25% and 16.7% of all resistant bacteria that were isolated and they were thus the most common bacterial isolates. Drug resistance was more common among gram negative bacteria (48.8% versus 26.2%) and a greater proportion of patients (74.1%) that had antibiotic sensitivity testing were affected by drug resistant gram negative bacteria which appear on the World Health Organisation list of priority pathogens.ConclusionThe results of our preliminary study point towards nosocomial gram negative bacteria which appear on the World Health Organisations list of priority pathogens as the more common sources of antibiotic resistance. This scenario is potentially driven by inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions as well as clinical and laboratory diagnostic imprecision in addition to the universally recognised post burn pathophysiological changes of hypermetabolism and immunosuppression. Improvements in the areas of antimicrobial stewardship, diagnostic capacity and burns related research are needed in order to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes and resource utilisation.

scholarly journals Type of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance profile from different clinical samples at a Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: five years data analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melkamu Abebe ◽  
Senait Tadesse ◽  
Girum Meseret ◽  
Awoke Derbie
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Stool Culture ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Stated Time

Abstract Objective Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health threats that exert a significant burden in terms of patient morbidity and mortality and financial crises in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Knowledge on the type of predominantly circulating pathogens with their respective AMR profile in a given area is essential for optimal patient care. This study was aimed at assessing the types of bacterial isolates and their AMR profile identified from a range of clinical samples at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, over a period of 5 years (2013 to 2017). Results From the total of 514 different clinical samples processed in the stated time frame, about 240 (46.7%) yield bacterial growth. Majority of the identified bacteria were isolated from stool culture 68 (28.3%) followed by urine 56 (23.3%), ear discharge 54 (22.5%) and wound swabs at 26 (10.8%). Most of the clinical isolates were Gram-negative at 171 (71.25%). The predominant isolate was S. aureus at 41 (17.1%) followed by Salmonella species, 40 (16.7%), Escherichia coli 36 (15%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 26 (11.7%). Generally, the isolates were found resistant at (60–100%) against ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, gentamicin, norfloxacin and tetracycline. Gram-positive isolates were found relatively sensitive to ceftriaxone, erythromycin and vancomycin at (71–84%).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document