scholarly journals Evaluation of treatment options for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the obese patient

2019 ◽  
Vol Volume 12 ◽  
pp. 877-891
Author(s):  
Navaneeth Narayanan ◽  
Christopher D. Adams ◽  
David W. Kubiak ◽  
Serena Cheng ◽  
Robyn Stoianovici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Obese Patient ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

scholarly journals Rhodomyrtone Accumulates in Bacterial Cell Wall and Cell Membrane and Inhibits the Synthesis of Multiple Cellular Macromolecules in Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
Ozioma F. Nwabor ◽  
Sukanlaya Leejae ◽  
Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Bacterial Cell Wall ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitor Compounds

As the burden of antibacterial resistance worsens and treatment options become narrower, rhodomyrtone—a novel natural antibiotic agent with a new antibacterial mechanism—could replace existing antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, rhodomyrtone was detected within the cell by means of an easy an inexpensive method. The antibacterial effects of rhodomyrtone were investigated on epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated the entrapment and accumulation of rhodomyrtone within the bacterial cell wall and cell membrane. The incorporation of radiolabelled precursors revealed that rhodomyrtone inhibited the synthesis of macromolecules including DNA, RNA, proteins, the cell wall, and lipids. Following the treatment with rhodomyrtone at MIC (0.5–1 µg/mL), the synthesis of all macromolecules was significantly inhibited (p ≤ 0.05) after 4 h. Inhibition of macromolecule synthesis was demonstrated after 30 min at a higher concentration of rhodomyrtone (4× MIC), comparable to standard inhibitor compounds. In contrast, rhodomyrtone did not affect lipase activity in staphylococci—both epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. aureus ATCC 29213. Interfering with the synthesis of multiple macromolecules is thought to be one of the antibacterial mechanisms of rhodomyrtone.

Fungal, Bacterial, and Viral Infections of the Skin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan V. Hirschmann
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tinea Pedis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Tinea Corporis ◽  
Microsporum Canis ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Tinea Versicolor

The skin can become infected by viruses, fungi, and bacteria, including some that ordinarily are harmless colonizing organisms. The most common fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes, which can involve the hair, nails, and skin. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations of specimens from affected areas typically demonstrate hyphae, and either topical or systemic antifungal therapy usually cures or controls the process. The most common bacterial pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, which, alone or together, can cause a wide variety of disorders, including impetigo, ecthyma, and cellulitis. Topical antibiotics may suffice for impetigo, but ecthyma and cellulitis require systemic treatment. S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, can also cause furuncles, carbuncles, and cutaneous abscesses. For these infections, incision and drainage without antibiotics are usually curative. Warts are the most common cutaneous viral infection, and eradication can be difficult, especially where the skin is thick, such as the palms and soles, or the patient is immunocompromised. Most therapies consist of trying to destroy the viruses by mechanical, chemical, or immune mechanisms. This review covers dermatophyte infections, yeast infections, bacterial infections, and viral infections of the skin. Figures show the classic annular lesion of tinea corporis, a typical kerion presenting as a zoophilic Microsporum canis infection of the scalp (tinea capitis), tinea corporis, tinea barbae, tinea pedis between and under the toes and on the plantar surface, inflammatory tinea pedis, tinea unguium, tinea manuum, angular cheilitis, prominent satellite lesions of discrete vesicles associated with candidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema and edema on the cheeks, eyelids, and nose, furuncle, carbuncle, nasal folliculitis, pitted keratolysis, trichomycosis axillaris, necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier gangrene, folliculitis, plantar wart, condyloma acuminatum, and benign lesions of bowenoid papulosis. Tables list dermatophyte species, terminology of dermatophyte infections, topical agents for dermatophyte infections, treatment options for impetigo (adult doses), and treatment options for erythrasma.   This review contains 29 figures, 5 tables, and 33 references. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant strains, furuncles, carbuncles, cutaneous abscesses, dermatophytes, zoophilic Microsporum canis, andidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema

scholarly journals Adjunctive ceftaroline in combination with daptomycin or vancomycin for complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia after monotherapy failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 204993611988650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Patrik Hornak ◽  
Seher Anjum ◽  
David Reynoso
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia ◽  
Persistent Bacteremia

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (MRSA-B) may fail to improve with standard monotherapy, particularly in patients with multifocal infection, incomplete source control, or persistent bacteremia. Synergy observed in vitro between ceftaroline (CPT) and daptomycin (DAP) or vancomycin (VAN) may translate into clinical benefit. Here, we describe our experience with DAP/CPT and VAN/CPT for complicated MRSA-B after monotherapy failure. Methods: Single-center, retrospective review of consecutive patients treated with DAP/CPT or VAN/CPT for MRSA-B after monotherapy failure from 1 January 2016 to 30 November 2018. Results: We identified 11 instances of combination therapy in 10 patients (DAP/CPT = 6, VAN/CPT = 5) with 1 patient receiving VAN/CPT followed by DAP/CPT. Rates of multifocal infection, incomplete source control, persistent bacteremia, and infective endocarditis were high (100%, 80%, 60%, and 60%, respectively). Combination therapy was initiated most commonly for persistent bacteremia (60%). When patients were persistently bacteremic, median preceding duration was 13 days and median time to clearance was 3 days. Total microbiologic cure rate was 100%. There were zero instances of bacteremia relapse at 30 days (30D) or 60 days (60D). All-cause 30D and 60D mortality rates were 11.1% and 33.3%, respectively. Conclusions: Combination therapy demonstrated success in diverse cases of refractory MRSA-B, including instances of persistent bacteremia paired with incomplete source control. Optimal timing and therapeutic cadence for combination therapy remain unclear. Our findings suggest that DAP/CPT and VAN/CPT can be considered for complicated MRSA bacteremia when other treatment options fail or are unavailable. We propose persistent bacteremia with incomplete source control to be a clinical niche particularly worthy of further investigation.

scholarly journals Combination of Tedizolid and Daptomycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an In Vitro Model of Simulated Endocardial Vegetations

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan R. Smith ◽  
Juwon Yim ◽  
Seth Rice ◽  
Kyle Stamper ◽  
Razie Kebriaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vitro Model

ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for health care-associated infections, and treatment options are limited. Tedizolid (TZD) is a novel oxazolidinone antibiotic with activity against MRSA. Previously, daptomycin (DAP) has demonstrated synergy with other antibiotics against MRSA. We sought to determine the efficacy of the combination of TZD and DAP against MRSA in an in vitro model of simulated endocardial vegetations (SEVs). TZD simulations of 200 mg once daily and DAP simulations of 6 mg/kg of body weight and 10 mg/kg once daily were tested alone and in the combinations TZD plus DAP at 6 mg/kg or DAP at 10 mg/kg against two clinical strains of MRSA, 494 and 67. These regimens were tested in SEV models over 8 days to determine the antibacterial activity of the regimens and whether synergy or antagonism might be present between the agents. Against both strains 494 and 67 and at both DAP dose regimens, the combination of TZD and DAP was antagonistic at 192 h. In all cases, DAP alone was statistically superior to DAP plus TZD. When the combination was stopped after 96 h, transitioning to DAP at 6 mg/kg or DAP at 10 mg/kg alone resulted in better antibacterial activity than either of the TZD-plus-DAP combinations, further demonstrating antagonistic effects. Against MRSA, we demonstrated that TZD and DAP have antagonistic activity that hinders their overall antimicrobial efficacy. The exact nature of this antagonistic relationship is still undetermined, but its presence warrants further study of the potentially harmful grouping of the two antibiotics in clinical use.

scholarly journals The Burden of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Surgical Site Infections: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brajesh B Gupta ◽  
KC Soman ◽  
Lata Bhoir ◽  
Minakshi Gadahire ◽  
Bhavin Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Superficial Skin

Despite increased pre and postoperative care including screening procedures, improvement in the operating room environment, and controlled prophylactic antibiotic therapy, the health burden of Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) in India is far more escalated than that in developed countries. SSIs ranging from superficial skin infection to life threatening septicemia affect one third of the patient population undergoing surgery, thereby contributing to morbidity and mortality. One of the most dominant bacterial species that causes SSIs is Staphylococcus aureus, wherein Methicillin Resistant S.aureus (MRSA) alone contributes to a significant increase in both the cost and the length of hospitalisation along with an increased mortality rate among patients with SSIs. The rising resistance pattern among pathogens coupled with the concerns over the tolerance and safety of currently available agents against MRSA limits treatment options available for patients with SSIs. Levonadifloxacin and its oral prodrug alalevonadifloxacin are novel benzoquinolizine anti‑MRSA agents which have recently been approved in India to tackle gram positive ‘super‑bugs’. Herein, the aim of this review article was to collate the possible factors contributing toward SSIs, its implications on health and economy, antibiotic resistance, possible preventive measures, and the need for new antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Environmental factors modulate biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 003685041989865
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Jiang Zhang ◽  
Yinduo Ji
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Human Infections

Biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices represents an exclusive evasion mechanism for many pathogenic bacteria to establish chronic infections. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major bacterial pathogens that are able to induce both animal and human infections. The continued emergence of multiple drug-resistant S. aureus, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus, is problematic due to limited treatment options. Biofilm formation by S. aureus complicates the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms of biofilm formation in this pathogen is important for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Various environmental and genetic factors contribute to biofilm formation. In this review, we address the environmental factors and discuss how they affect biofilm formation by S. aureus.

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