Context-dependent error correction of spoken referring expressions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Zukerman ◽  
Andisheh Partovi ◽  
Su Nam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Referring Expressions ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Dependent Error

scholarly journals Density- and elongation speed-dependent error correction in RNA polymerization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinzhe Zuo ◽  
Tom Chou
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Analytic Solutions ◽  
Dna Transcription ◽  
Exact Analytic Solutions ◽  
Rna Polymerization ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dependent Error

Abstract Backtracking of RNA polymerase (RNAP) is an important pausing mechanism during DNA transcription that is part of the error correction process that enhances transcription fidelity. We model the backtracking mechanism of RNA polymerase, which usually happens when the polymerase tries to incorporate a noncognate or "mismatched" nucleotide triphosphate. Previous models have made simplifying assumptions such as neglecting the trailing polymerase behind the backtracking polymerase or assuming that the trailing polymerase is stationary. We derive exact analytic solutions of a stochastic model that includes locally interacting RNAPs by explicitly showing how a trailing RNAP influences the probability that an error is corrected or incorporated by the leading backtracking RNAP. We also provide two related methods for computing the mean times for error correction and incorporation given an initial local RNAP configuration. Using these results, we propose an effective interacting-RNAP lattice that can be readily simulated.

scholarly journals Initial person reference in Providence Island Sign Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Omardeen ◽  
Kate Mesh ◽  
Markus Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Referring Expressions ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Community Membership ◽  
Person Reference ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Shared Context ◽  
Deaf Signers

When referring to non-present entities, speakers and signers can select from a range of different strategies to create expressions that range from extremely concise to highly elaborate. This design of referring expressions is based partly on the availability of contextual information that can aid addressee understanding. In the small signing community of Providence Island, signers’ heavy reliance on extra-linguistic information has led to their language being labelled as context-dependent (Washabaugh, de Santis & Woodward 1978). This study investigates the semiotic strategies that deaf signers in Providence Island use to introduce non-present third person referents, and examines how signers optimise specificity and minimise ambiguity by drawing on shared context. We examined first introductions to non-present people in spontaneous dyadic conversations between deaf signers and analysed the semiotic strategies used. We found that signers built referring expressions using the same strategies found in other sign languages, yet designed expressions that made use of contextual knowledge shared through community membership, such as geography, local spoken languages and traits of fellow islanders. Our signers also used strategies described as unusual or unattested in other sign languages, such as unframed constructed action sequences and stand-alone mouthings. This study deepens our understanding of context dependence by providing examples of how context is drawn upon by communities with high degrees of shared knowledge. Our results call into question the classification of sign languages as context-dependent or context-independent and highlights the differences in data collection across communities and the resulting limitations of cross-linguistic comparisons.

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