scholarly journals Contribution of a visual pigment absorption spectrum to a visual function: depth perception in a jumping spider

BIOPHYSICS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (0) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Nagata ◽  
Kentaro Arikawa ◽  
Akihisa Terakita
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Pigment Absorption

scholarly journals Zebrafish ultraviolet visual pigment: absorption spectrum, sequence, and localization.

1993 ◽  
Vol 90 (13) ◽  
pp. 6009-6012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Robinson ◽  
E. A. Schmitt ◽  
F. I. Harosi ◽  
R. J. Reece ◽  
J. E. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Pigment Absorption

Evaluation of visual function in Royal College of Surgeon rats using a depth perception visual cliff test

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Tzameret ◽  
Ifat Sher ◽  
Victoria Edelstain ◽  
Michael Belkin ◽  
Ofra Kalter-Leibovici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Royal College ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Rcs Rats ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Spearman’S Rho Test

AbstractPreserving of vision is the main goal in vision research. The presented research evaluates the preservation of visual function in Royal College of Surgeon (RCS) rats using a depth perception test. Rats were placed on a stage with one side containing an illusory steep drop (“cliff”) and another side with a minimal drop (“table”). Latency of stage dismounting and the percentage of rats that set their first foot on the “cliff” side were determined. Nondystrophic Long–Evans (LE) rats were tested as control. Electroretinogram and histology analysis were used to determine retinal function and structure. Four-week-old RCS rats presented a significantly shorter mean latency to dismount the stage compared with 6-week-old rats (mean ± standard error, 13.7 ± 1.68 vs. 20.85 ± 6.5 s, P = 0.018). Longer latencies were recorded as rats aged, reaching 45.72 s in 15-week-old rats (P < 0.00001 compared with 4-week-old rats). All rats at the age of 4 weeks placed their first foot on the table side. By contrast, at the age of 8 weeks, 28.6% rats dismounted on the cliff side and at the age of 10 and 15 weeks, rats randomly dismounted the stage to either table or cliff side. LE rats dismounted the stage faster than 4-week-old RCS rats, but the difference was not statistically significant (7 ± 1.58 s, P = 0.057) and all LE rats dismounted on the table side. The latency to dismount the stage in RCS rats correlated with maximal electroretinogram b-wave under dark and light adaptation (Spearman’s rho test = −0.603 and −0.534, respectively, all P < 0.0001), outer nuclear layer thickness (Spearman’s rho test = −0.764, P = 0.002), and number of S- and M-cones (Spearman’s rho test = −0.763 [P = 0.002], and −0.733 [P = 0.004], respectively). The cliff avoidance test is an objective, quick, and readily available method for the determination of RCS rats’ visual function.

scholarly journals Multiple visual pigments in a photoreceptor of the salamander retina.

1996 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
C L Makino ◽  
R L Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Wavelength Band ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Maximal Sensitivity ◽  
Retinal Chromophore ◽  
Wavelength Discrimination ◽  
Pigment Absorption

Although a given retina typically contains several visual pigments, each formed from a retinal chromophore bound to a specific opsin protein, single photoreceptor cells have been thought to express only one type of opsin. This design maximizes a cell's sensitivity to a particular wavelength band and facilitates wavelength discrimination in retinas that process color. We report electrophysiological evidence that the ultraviolet-sensitive cone of salamander violates this rule. This cell contains three different functional opsins. The three opsins could combine with the two different chromophores present in salamander retina to form six visual pigments. Whereas rods and other cones of salamander use both chromophores, they appear to express only one type of opsin per cell. In visual pigment absorption spectra, the bandwidth at half-maximal sensitivity increases as the pigment's wavelength maximum decreases. However, the bandwidth of the UV-absorbing pigment deviates from this trend; it is narrow like that of a red-absorbing pigment. In addition, the UV-absorbing pigment has a high apparent photosensitivity when compared with that of red- and blue-absorbing pigments and rhodopsin. These properties suggest that the mechanisms responsible for spectrally tuning visual pigments separate two absorption bands as the wavelength of maximal sensitivity shifts from UV to long wavelengths.

The visual sensitivity of the retina of the conger eel

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1175) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Density Spectrum ◽  
Conger Eel ◽  
Visual Spectral Sensitivity

We measured the visual sensitivity of the conger eel retina by means of its electroretinogram (e.r.g.) and whole nerve responses. The spectral sensitivity of the retina closely corresponded to a prediction based on the density spectrum of the conger visual pigment, measured in situ . The pigment density in the conger eel retina is high, perhaps as high as 1.0. Thus, the predicted spectral sensitivity would be much broader than is observed if the absorption spectrum of the pigment governed the visual sensitivity. The reason why the visual spectral sensitivity corresponds to the density spectrum and not to the absorption spectrum is that the photoreceptors in the conger eye are arranged in tiers and only the inner tier contributes to vision.

scholarly journals Image Defocus Is a Cue for Depth Perception in a Jumping Spider

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-110
Author(s):  
Takashi NAGATA ◽  
Kentaro ARIKAWA ◽  
Akihisa TERAKITA
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Jumping Spider

scholarly journals Effects of E-Learning Environment Use on Visual Function of Elementary and Middle School Students: A Two-Year Assessment—Experience from China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1560
Author(s):  
Zhixin Zhang ◽  
Gang Xu ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Yonghai Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
School Students ◽  
E Learning

This two-year follow-up assessment was performed on 721 elementary (Grades 2–4) and middle (Grade 1) school students who used, and 62 Grade 4 (Control) students who did not use, E-learning environments from schools in Beijing and Shandong Province, China. Statistical analysis included repeated-measures single-factor and two-factor analyses of variance, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). In three assessments over two years, the students’ visual acuity, visual field, depth perception, and horary visual acuity were monitored, along with the related differences and developmental changes and the effect of the E-learning environment on these indexes: (1) For the first time, the average values of four indexes of visual function of the students exposure to the E-learning environment were obtained, among which the ratio of poor visual acuity was still high; (2) visual acuity and depth perception in middle school students was poorer than that of elementary school students, but their visual field and horary visual acuity was higher; (3) for the two years, the four indexes of the visual function of students in different grades showed different change trends; and (4) the comparison for G4 and control demonstrated that the frequency of E-learning environment use (6.75 h/week for G4) had no significant effect on the visual acuity and depth perception of the Grades 4 and 5 students in elementary school but had a significant effect on their visual field and horary visual acuity. However, in all of the included students, the E-learning environment use time significantly affected the left and right eye visual acuity in the students, except in G4.

scholarly journals THE NATURE OF THE LAMPREY VISUAL PIGMENT

1956 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Crescitelli
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Difference Spectra ◽  
Pure Solution ◽  
The Pacific

From the retina of the land-locked population of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, a photolabile pigment was extracted which was identified spectrophotometrically as a member of the rhodopsin group of pigments. Using the absorption spectrum of a relatively pure solution and analysis by means of difference spectra, the peak of this pigment was placed at about 497 mµ. The method of selective bleaching by light of different wave lengths revealed no significant amounts of any other pigment in the extracts. A similar pigment was also detected in retinal extracts of the Pacific Coast lamprey, Entospenus tridentatus. These results are significant for two reasons: (a) the lamprey is shown to be an example of an animal which spawns in fresh water but which is characterized by the presence of rhodopsin, rather than porphyropsin, in the retina; (b) the primitive phylogenetic position of the lamprey suggests that rhodopsin was the visual pigment of the original vertebrates.

scholarly journals Depth Perception from Image Defocus in a Jumping Spider

Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 335 (6067) ◽  
pp. 469-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nagata ◽  
M. Koyanagi ◽  
H. Tsukamoto ◽  
S. Saeki ◽  
K. Isono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Jumping Spider
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