scholarly journals Increase in cyclic AMP concentration in a cerebral giant interneuron mimics part of a memory trace for conditioned taste aversion of the pond snail

BIOPHYSICS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (0) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Otsuka ◽  
Miho Matsunaga ◽  
Ryuichi Okada ◽  
Miki Yamagishi ◽  
Akiko Okuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Giant Interneuron

Overlapping memory trace indispensable for linking, but not recalling, individual memories

Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 355 (6323) ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yokose ◽  
Reiko Okubo-Suzuki ◽  
Masanori Nomoto ◽  
Noriaki Ohkawa ◽  
Hirofumi Nishizono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Associative Networks ◽  
Neuronal Ensemble

Memories are not stored in isolation from other memories but are integrated into associative networks. However, the mechanisms underlying memory association remain elusive. Using two amygdala-dependent behavioral paradigms—conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and auditory-cued fear conditioning (AFC)—in mice, we found that presenting the conditioned stimulus used for the CTA task triggered the conditioned response of the AFC task after natural coreactivation of the memories. This was accompanied through an increase in the overlapping neuronal ensemble in the basolateral amygdala. Silencing of the overlapping ensemble suppressed CTA retrieval-induced freezing. However, retrieval of the original CTA or AFC memory was not affected. A small population of coshared neurons thus mediates the link between memories. They are not necessary for recalling individual memories.

scholarly journals Memory Trace in Feeding Neural Circuitry Underlying Conditioned Taste Aversion in Lymnaea

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e43151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etsuro Ito ◽  
Emi Otsuka ◽  
Noriyuki Hama ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma ◽  
Ryuichi Okada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Neural Circuitry

From likes to dislikes: conditioned taste aversion in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis)

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ito ◽  
S. Kojima ◽  
K. Lukowiak ◽  
M. Sakakibara
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms

The neural circuitry comprising the central pattern generator (CPG) that drives feeding behavior in the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis (L., 1758)) has been worked out. Because the feeding behavior undergoes associative learning and long-term memory (LTM) formation, it provides an excellent opportunity to study the causal neuronal mechanisms of these two processes. In this review, we explore some of the possible causal neuronal mechanisms of associative learning of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and its subsequent consolidation processes into LTM in L. stagnalis. In the CTA training procedure, a sucrose solution, which evokes a feeding response, is used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and a potassium chloride solution, which causes a withdrawal response, is used as the unconditioned stimulus (US). The pairing of the CS–US alters both the feeding response of the snail and the function of a pair of higher order interneurons in the cerebral ganglia. Following the acquisition of CTA, the polysynaptic inhibitory synaptic input from the higher order interneurons onto the feeding CPG neurons is enhanced, resulting in suppression of the feeding response. These changes in synaptic efficacy are thought to constitute a “memory trace” for CTA in L. stagnalis.

Features of behavioral changes underlying conditioned taste aversion in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Nakai ◽  
Yuki Totani ◽  
Satoshi Kojima ◽  
Manabu Sakakibara ◽  
Etsuro Ito
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Pond Snail

scholarly journals Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Junko Nakai ◽  
Yuki Totani ◽  
Dai Hatakeyama ◽  
Varvara E. Dyakonova ◽  
Etsuro Ito
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Invertebrate Animal

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in mammals has several specific characteristics: (1) emergence of a negative symptom in subjects due to selective association with a taste-related stimulus, (2) robust long-term memory that is resistant to extinction induced by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), (3) a very-long-delay presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and (4) single-trial learning. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can also form a CTA. Although the negative symptoms, like nausea, in humans cannot be easily observed in invertebrate animal models of CTA, all the other characteristics of CTA seem to be present in snails. Selective associability was confirmed using a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. Once snails form a CTA, repeated presentation of the CS does not extinguish the CTA. A long interstimulus interval between the CS and US, like in trace conditioning, still results in the formation of a CTA in snails. Lastly, even single-trial learning has been demonstrated with a certain probability. In the present review, we compare, in detail, CTA in mammals and snails, and discuss the possible molecular events in CTA.

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