scholarly journals 1SI-06 Biophysical Imaging with Coherent X-rays(1SI Biophysics to be explored using the fourth-generation light sources, x-ray free electron lasers,The 49th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan)

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (supplement) ◽  
pp. S8
Author(s):  
Keith A Nugent
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biophysical Society

Accelerator-based X-ray sources: synchrotron radiation, X-ray free electron lasers and beyond

2019 ◽  
Vol 377 (2147) ◽  
pp. 20180231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Storage Ring ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
Beam Emittance ◽  
X Ray

The evolution of synchrotron radiation (SR) sources and related sciences is discussed to explain the ‘generation’ of the SR sources. Most of the contemporary SR sources belong to the third generation, where the storage rings are optimized for the use of undulator radiation. The undulator development allowed to reduction of the electron energy of the storage ring necessary for delivering 10 keV X-rays from the initial 6–8 GeV to the current 3 Gev. Now is the transitional period from the double-bend-achromat lattice-based storage ring to the multi-bend-achromat lattice to achieve much smaller electron beam emittance. Free electron lasers are the other important accelerator-based light sources which recently reached hard X-ray regime by using self-amplified spontaneous emission scheme. Future accelerator-based X-ray sources should be continuous wave X-ray free electron lasers and pulsed X-ray free electron lasers. Some pathways to reach the future case are discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of synchrotron science: achievements and opportunities’.

scholarly journals Soft and Hard X-ray SASE Free Electron Lasers

2010 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 93-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Fields ◽  
Vast Range

In the last couple of years, free electron lasers (FELs) have been a remarkable success as fourth generation light sources all over the world. Operating in the SASE mode, they produce laser-like radiation in a broad wavelength range. Especially in the soft and hard X-ray ranges, these light sources open unique and completely new fields in physics and allow a vast range of applications in most scientific fields. This article gives an overview of the principles of FELs and the SASE process, discusses technological challenges and solutions, and presents an outlook for future developments.

scholarly journals X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers for the Structure and Dynamics of Macromolecules

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry N. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Free Electron ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Cryogenic Cooling ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Small Crystals ◽  
Serial Crystallography

X-ray free-electron lasers provide femtosecond-duration pulses of hard X-rays with a peak brightness approximately one billion times greater than is available at synchrotron radiation facilities. One motivation for the development of such X-ray sources was the proposal to obtain structures of macromolecules, macromolecular complexes, and virus particles, without the need for crystallization, through diffraction measurements of single noncrystalline objects. Initial explorations of this idea and of outrunning radiation damage with femtosecond pulses led to the development of serial crystallography and the ability to obtain high-resolution structures of small crystals without the need for cryogenic cooling. This technique allows the understanding of conformational dynamics and enzymatics and the resolution of intermediate states in reactions over timescales of 100 fs to minutes. The promise of more photons per atom recorded in a diffraction pattern than electrons per atom contributing to an electron micrograph may enable diffraction measurements of single molecules, although challenges remain.

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