scholarly journals Measurement and Sources of Income Inequality Among Rural and Urban Households in Nigeria

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abayomi Oyekale ◽  
Adetola Ibidunni Adeoti ◽  
Tolulope Olayemi Oyekale
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals INCOME INEQUALITY OF POLISH RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN 2010-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (1) ◽  
pp. 360-368
Author(s):  
Andrzej Wołoszyn ◽  
Feliks Wysocki
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Identifiable Data ◽  
Group Inequality

The aim of the study was to assess the level of income inequality of rural households against other classes of household residence: small, medium and large cities. The assessment of intra-group or internal inequality was based on Theil-L and Theil-T indices. Inter-group inequality was measured summarily by the inter-group (or ‘between’) component in the Theil decomposition, and more verbosely by income disparity analysis. Research drew on individual, non-identifiable data from the “Household Budget Survey”, carried out by the Central Statistical Office in 2010, 2015 and 2017. It was found that despite rising income, rural households were still the poorest of all residence classes and lagged far behind average Polish households. Their internal income inequality was, throughout the study period, higher than in classes of households living in small-sized and medium-sized towns. This class was also most responsible for total income inequalities in Polish households.

INCOME AS A SOURCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
O. N. KUSAKINA ◽  
◽  
S. V. SOKOLOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Average Structure ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Consumer Expenditures ◽  
Capital Development

The article is devoted to research of dynamics of disposable resources of rural and urban households; components of disposable resources of households depending on the place of residence (per household member on average); structure of consumer expenditures of rural households based on official statistics for 2018–2020. The presented findings may serve as a basis for justifying the trends in social and economic conditions necessary for the growth of human capital in rural areas.

Disparities in digital access among American rural and urban households and implications for telemedicine‐based services

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Curtis ◽  
Sarah E. Clingan ◽  
Huiying Guo ◽  
Yuhui Zhu ◽  
Larissa J. Mooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban

Rehabilitation in Tehri Dam: An evaluation

Social Change ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 110-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Sinha ◽  
H. C. Pokhriyal
Keyword(s):  
Common Property ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Common Property Resources ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Tehri Dam ◽  
High Level ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Ownership Rights

In the whole debate of ecological suitability of Tehri Dam, the rehabilitation aspect has been found ignored. Keeping in view of the significance of complete rehabilitation and resettlement of the oustees, the overall rehabilitation process including rural and urban population is analysed in the present paper. In total, 125 villages will be fully or partially submerged affecting more than one lakh population. More than twenty thousand urban populations will also be rehabilitated. It is expected that around 6000 cores of rupees (at 1993 price level) will be spent. Out of which 13% will be spent on the rehabilitation of the oustees. On the basis of the available information, it is found that only 33% of the rural families and 66% of the urban households have actually received the compensation or taken the possession of the land in the new sites. Non availability of land to the rest of the oustee households has been identified as the peculiar dimension of the rehabilitation process. The resettled households in Dehradun and Haridwar districts are facing the problem of geographic continuity, land owner shiprights and absence of institutional mechanism like panchayati raj institutions in the new settlements. The absence of non-farm employment and non-accessibility to the common property resources are the critical problems, including the availability of drinking water, irrigation, primary health and education, which can be observed seen in the rehabilitation sites. The resettlers are unable to adjust with the new environment including a high level of dependency on the market forces for each and every requirement. The partially submerged population is also facing peculiar problems. They will only be given cash compensation without any other compensatory measures. The ‘upstream cost and down stream benefits syndrome’ is strikingly visible in the rehabilitation process. In the urban resettlement process various issues Iike-the validity of survey, classification of urban households and cut off dates are relevant to mention. The positive externalities of the old Tehri town were completely missing in the new urban rehabilitation site. As a whole it can be tentatively said that the process of rehabilitation has been loosely coordinated and badly implemented. The issues of upstream cost, accessibility to common property resources and customary rights are the neglected aspects in the process. The re-organisation of the institutional frame work and granting land ownership rights to the resettlers and quality of the basic amenities are the other inevitable requirements need proper assessment and implementation. The present process of rehabilitation is largely non-participatory and non transparent, which can only be solved through radical measures. These measures are unlikely to be initiated in the present set of Tehri dam administration.

scholarly journals Welfare and Distributional Impacts of Financial Liberalization in an Open Economy: Lessons from a Multi-Sectoral Dynamic CGE Model for Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshab Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Financial Liberalization ◽  
Cge Model ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Rural Labor ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Distribution Of Income ◽  
Distributional Impacts

By equalizing rates of return across sectors, financial liberalization improves efficiency and equalizes the distribution of income. Efficiency gained in the allocation of resources increases capital usage more in previously heavily repressed sectors such as agriculture and textile, allowing up to a 19 percent expansion in production and employment. The savings and investment responses, degree of factor substitutions, are higher in the complete liberalization than in partial or piecemeal liberalization. Income, consumption, utility and overall welfare of rural and urban households increase. Liberalization is not effective if savings are used in accumulations of unproductive assets i.e. gold, jewellery, urban land, and foreign exchange. Financial liberalization improves the distribution of income by raising the wage rate of rural labor than for urban labor as rural labour-intensive sectors invest more with increased access to financial institutions and demand more labor to complement additional capital employed in these sectors.

Effect of income inequality, community infrastructure and individual stressors on adult depression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Sha Fan ◽  
Renuka Mahadevan ◽  
Janni Leung
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Policy Mix ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Resource Misallocation ◽  
Women Health ◽  
City Community ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract This paper considers the impact of variables at three different levels—city, community and individual—on the depression of adults aged 45 years and above in China. Evidence shows that community factors, such as infrastructure and elderly centres, are critical to reduce depression but the effect of city-level factors such as lowering income inequality and improving public health investment is different for the segments of poor and non-poor as well as the rural and urban residents. This highlights the need to consider targeted policy mix options to avoid resource misallocation. Lastly, Chinese females’ depression has worsened over time with ageing, particularly those who drink alcohol or are less educated are prone to depression prompting the need for specialist women health centres.

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