The Determinants of Child Labor: The Role of Primary Product Specialization

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Becchetti ◽  
Giovanni Trovato
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor

scholarly journals Employment and Labor Union Laws in Japan between the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 128-142
Author(s):  
Afrah Mohammed Ali
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Labor Union ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
American Occupation ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Meiji Era ◽  
The Government ◽  
Labor System

This research is based on the descriptive and analytical methodology. The importance of studying labor laws and labor unions in Japan between 1889 and 1946 constitutions is because Japan was out of a feudal phase, and had no idea about the factory system and industrialization in their modern sense before the Meiji era. Generally, its labor system used to be mostly familial, and the economic system was based on agriculture. This called for the enactment of legislations and laws appropriate for the coming phase in Meiji era. Thus, this paper examines the role of Meiji government in enacting labor legislations and laws when he came to power in 1896, and his new constitution in 1889 and the civil code of 1896. It further examines the way Meiji government and the following Japanese governments until the end of World War II did not abide by Meiji laws and stipulations of the constitution with their abusive actions in ending the workers’ strikes and disputes, with the inequality between genders in labor and wages, and the use of child labor in factories in an inhuman way. The paper clarifies the role of the American occupation of Japan (1945-1952) after dissolving Meiji constitution and legislations and the government measures that followed them to enact new legislations, laws and constitution for Japan on November 3, 1946, which was active in May 3, 1947. The paper has concluded that the American occupation policy of Japan was able to avoid the dissidence of millions of Japanese workers, whose level of livelihood was deteriorating after their country lost the war, and convert them from a dissident group against the occupation to a peaceful group which did not target the occupation in their future goals.

scholarly journals The Role of Economic and Legal Factors in the Emergence of the Street Children Phenomenon in Khorram Abad, Lorestan Province - Survey in 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Javad Momeni ◽  
Rasoul Mohsenzadeh ◽  
Tahereh Mohsenzadeh ◽  
Rasoul Zarchini
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Street Children ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Research Show

In this research, we have studied the population of street children in Khorram Abad in Iran, in 2015, with the emphasis on the role of economic and legal factors forcing children to work on the streets. The results of this research show that the issue of child labor is the consequence of both global and local matters. These children are the products of the urban society, poverty, and cultural, legal, and local factors. The research method is a survey, and the statistical population is the street children, aged between 7 to 18 living in Khorram Abad, in 2015. The sample population chosen randomly includes 242 people, and the required information was gathered using the questionnaire and interview technique. In Khorram Abad, Lorestan, economic crisis and parents' misdemeanor are the two main factors that force the children to fill their fathers' missing place by working in the streets. But, gender factors such as being a boy, and cultural factors such as belonging to a specific tribe are influential in the howness of this phenomenon. In this article, we have attempted to use native sources for a better understanding of the local situation of the phenomenon, and have proposed a few solutions to alter the current situation.

The Evolution of the Children’s Rights Movement

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
Jonathan Becker
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Child Soldiers ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Past Century ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
International Laws

This chapter examines the evolution of the children’s rights movement and particularly the role of individuals and nongovernmental organizations in driving the creation of new international laws and norms and global campaigns to address the abuse and exploitation of children. Over the past century, child rights advocates have helped shape the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and international treaties addressing child labor and child soldiers, thereby influencing policies and practices related to education, child marriage, corporal punishment, sexual exploitation, and violence against children. The chapter also explores the role of children themselves as activists at the forefront of change.

scholarly journals Minimum Age Regulation and Child Labor: New Evidence from Brazil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Bargain ◽  
Delphine Boutin
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Only Children ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract This study presents new evidence on the effects of minimum age regulations obtained from a natural experiment. In 1998, a constitutional reform in Brazil changed the minimum working age from 14 to 16. The reform was the legislative counterpart of a broad set of measures taken by a government strongly committed to eliminating child labor. This article investigates the role of the minimum working age in this context. The setting allows for improvements upon past approaches based on comparing employment rates of children at different ages. A discontinuity in treatment is exploited, namely the fact that only children who turned 14 after the enactment date (mid-December 1998) are banned from work. According to regression discontinuity and difference-in-discontinuity designs, the null hypothesis of no overall effect of the ban cannot be rejected. Throughout the methods and specifications, an employment effect in a confidence interval of $[-0.06, \, 0.03]$ (in percentage points) is found. A detailed heterogeneity analysis is performed and provides suggestive evidence of diminishing child labor trends in regions characterized by higher labor inspection intensity, which is interpreted as a trace of there being a law. However, contrary to what has been claimed in recent studies, the law seems not to have produced sizeable effects overall, at least in the short run. Power calculations and extensive sensitivity checks support these conclusions.

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