scholarly journals Signaling, Globality, and the Intuitive Criterion

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Ewerhart ◽  
Philipp C. Wichardt
Keyword(s):  
Intuitive Criterion

Rationalization and Incomplete Information

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Battigalli ◽  
Marciano Siniscalchi
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Dynamic Games ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
Forward Induction ◽  
First Order ◽  
Bayesian Equilibrium ◽  
Incomplete Information Games ◽  
Games With Incomplete Information ◽  
Intuitive Criterion ◽  
Signalling Games

We analyze a family of extensive-form solution procedures for games with incomplete information that do not require the specification of an epistemic type space a la Harsanyi, but can accommodate a (commonly known) collection of explicit restrictions D on first-order beliefs. For any fixed D we obtain a solution called D-rationalizability.In static games, D-rationalizability characterizes the set of outcomes (combinations of payoff types and strategies) that may occur in any Bayesian equilibrium model consistent with D; these are precisely the outcomes consistent with common certainty of rationality and of the restrictions D. Hence, our approach to the analysis of incomplete-information games is consistent with Harsanyi's, and it may be viewed as capturing the robust implications of Bayesian equilibrium analysis.In dynamic games, D-rationalizability yields a forward-induction refinement of this set of Bayesian equilibrium outcomes. Focusing on the restriction that first-order beliefs be consistent with a given distribution on terminal nodes, we obtain a refinement of self-confirming equilibrium. In signalling games, this refinement coincides with the Iterated Intuitive Criterion.

Geodesic Formulation of the Least Motion Principle in Chemical Reactivity

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Strnad ◽  
Robert Ponec
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
The State ◽  
Pericyclic Reactions ◽  
Electron States ◽  
Intuitive Criterion

In this study an attempt is presented at the quantitative formulation of the old intuitive criterion for the characterization of chemical reactivity known as the principle of the least motion. The proposed formulation originates from the abstract mathematical model, within the framework of which the criterion of minimal structural changes is realized by the requirement of minimal changes of the state vectors in the Hilbert space of electron states. The presented approach is demonstrated on the practical example of pericyclic reactions for which its results correctly reproduce the conclusions of Woodward-Hoffmann rules.

Personalization from Customer Data Aggregation Using List Price

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zibin Xu ◽  
Anthony Dukes
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
List Price ◽  
Price Ceiling ◽  
Customer Data ◽  
Superior Knowledge ◽  
Intuitive Criterion ◽  
Separating Equilibrium ◽  
Informational Advantage

When consumers’ inferences of their reservation values are subject to environmental noise, firms can use customer data aggregation to obtain superior knowledge. This facilitates personalized pricing but may also induce consumer suspicions of overpaying. To alleviate the suspicions and convince consumers of their value, the firm may design its personalization scheme to include a list price in addition to the personalized prices. We find that only a separating equilibrium with list pricing survives the intuitive criterion. Specifically, when consumers underestimate their value, it is essential to use a binding list price to inform the consumers about the market’s price ceiling. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the firm cannot abuse its informational advantage to steer consumers into overestimation, and price discrimination may strictly benefit the consumers who avoid overpaying. This paper was accepted by Dmitri Kuksov, marketing.

Signalling by Bayesian Persuasion and Pricing Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (628) ◽  
pp. 976-1007
Author(s):  
Yanlin Chen ◽  
Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Closed Form Solution ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
High Type ◽  
Intuitive Criterion

Abstract This article investigates how a privately informed seller could signal her type through Bayesian persuasion and pricing strategy. We find that it is generally impossible to achieve separation through one channel alone. Furthermore, the outcome that survives the intuitive criterion always exists and is unique. This outcome is separating, for which a closed-form solution is provided. The signalling concern forces the high-type seller to disclose inefficiently more information and charge a higher price, resulting in fewer sales and lower profit. Finally, we show that a regulation on minimal quality could potentially hurt social welfare, and private information hurts the seller.

scholarly journals Energy based Design as an Alternative Intuitive Criterion to the Drift Criterion

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5836-5845
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Energy Criterion ◽  
Earthquake Loading ◽  
Design Procedures ◽  
Damage Indices ◽  
Building Systems ◽  
Structural Plan ◽  
Intuitive Criterion ◽  
Energy Based Design

Structural integrity with smaller structural plan density is doubtful under earthquake loading, while the structure is supposed to undergo inelastic deformation. Recent past damages under moderate earthquakes have raised a lot of questionnaires to the existing seismic design procedures. Drift controlled damage indices are consistently under reappraisal because of our better understanding of dynamic loading. Hence, energy based concept is suggested in an effort to explicate the response of building systems during earthquake loading. In this paper, explicit expressions for various components of energy i.e. strain, kinetic, damping and inelastic energy versus drift have been derived and discussed with the post processing results of building systems under varying strong earthquake motions. The incremental dynamic analysis is used in our study and the results show that the energy criterion analysis gives better one than the drift criterion for the structures subjected to earthquake ground motions.

scholarly journals Genetic Single Neuron Anatomy reveals fine granularity of cortical interneuron subtypes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Wang ◽  
Jason Tucciarone ◽  
Siqi Jiang ◽  
Fangfang Yin ◽  
Bor-shuen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Neuron ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Gabaergic Interneuron ◽  
Local Geometry ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Axonal Arborization ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Intuitive Criterion ◽  
Genetic Labeling

AbstractParsing diverse nerve cells into biological types is necessary for understanding neural circuit organization. Morphology is an intuitive criterion for neuronal classification and a proxy of connectivity, but morphological diversity and variability often preclude resolving the granularity of discrete cell groups from population continuum. Combining genetic labeling with high-resolution, large volume light microscopy, we established a platform of genetic single neuron anatomy that resolves, registers and quantifies complete neuron morphologies in the mouse brain. We discovered that cortical axo-axonic cells (AACs), a cardinal GABAergic interneuron type that controls pyramidal neuron (PyN) spiking at axon initial segment, consist of multiple subtypes distinguished by laminar position, dendritic and axonal arborization patterns. Whereas the laminar arrangements of AAC dendrites reflect differential recruitment by input streams, the laminar distribution and local geometry of AAC axons enable differential innervation of PyN ensembles. Therefore, interneuron types likely consist of fine-grained subtypes with distinct input-output connectivity patterns.

scholarly journals Searching Probabilistic Difference-Making within Specificity

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-235
Author(s):  
Andreas Lüchinger
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Difference Making ◽  
Intuitive Criterion

Abstract The idea that good explanations come with strong changes in probabilities has been very common. This criterion is called probabilistic difference-making. Since it is an intuitive criterion and has a long tradition in the literature on scientific explanation, it comes as a surprise that probabilistic difference-making is rarely discussed in the context of interventionist causal explanation. Specificity, proportionality, and stability are usually employed to measure explanatory power instead. This paper is a first step into the larger project of connecting difference-making to the interventionist debate, and it starts by investigating whether probabilistic difference-making is contained in the notion of specificity. The choice of specificity is motivated by the observation that both probabilistic difference-making and specificity build on similar underlying intuitions. When comparing measures for both specificity and probabilistic difference-making, it turns out that the measures are not strictly correlated, and so the thesis that probabilistic difference-making is encoded within specificity has to be rejected. Some consequences of this result are discussed as well.

Towards more efficient soil-water modelling: moisture profiles for constant application or removal of water at the surface

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-445
Author(s):  
G. D. Towner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Approximate Formulation ◽  
Arbitrary Decision ◽  
Intuitive Criterion ◽  
Moisture Profiles ◽  
Soil Water Profiles ◽  
Total Gain

SUMMARYSoil-water profiles are often calculated using models based on the application to successive soil layers of an approximate formulation of Darcy's Law. An arbitrary decision is usually made concerning the magnitude of the layer thickness, Δz, and time increment Δt, a decision often based on the intuitive criterion that both should be as small as possible. An unsuitable choice can either give rise to oscillations in the solutions that can be eliminated only by recalculation using different increments, or can culminate in an accuracy unjustified by the precision of the data, both cases resulting in unnecessarily lengthy and wasteful computing. However, mathematicians have shown, for problems which are analogous to particular soil-water models, that oscillations will not occur if τ = D(Δt)/(Δz)2 ≥ 0·50 (where D is the soil-water diffusion coefficient, assumed constant).This paper considers the development of moisture profiles in soils with a constant rate of loss (e.g. evaporation) or entry (e.g. irrigation) of water imposed at the surface, and demonstrates that the criterion τ ≥ 0·50 can be extended to apply to waterdependent diffusion coefficients by re-interpreting D as the maximum value occurring in the profile. Examples for 10-layer models suggest that it is sufficient for practical purposes to start with Δt values that give τ-values close to 0·50, and to proceed to smaller Δt-values only when necessary. The total gain or loss of water given by integrating the calculated profiles is compared with the known amount entering or leaving at the surface.The profiles for both evaporation and irrigation are found to advance too rapidly.

Symbolic victories and strategic risk

2021 ◽  
pp. 002234332096566
Author(s):  
Richard Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Prior Probability ◽  
Weak Type ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Military History ◽  
Strategic Risk ◽  
Second Punic War ◽  
Costly Signal ◽  
Intuitive Criterion ◽  
Rational Side

This article studies the rational side of symbolic victories. It opens with the broad question, why are some battles more significant than others? Extending the literature on bargaining and war, it argues that a belligerent can deliberately increase strategic risk in order to communicate its strength. By increasing the information a battle conveys, the belligerent artificially creates the conditions for a symbolic victory. In short, strategic risk becomes a useful, costly signal. This claim is developed in a formal model in which players choose between more and less dangerous military options. Under most conditions, a symbolic equilibrium exists in which both strong- and weak-type players are able to signal their types after only one round. This equilibrium’s rapid information flow is unusual in the rationalist literature: typically, strong types must wait to signal effectively. The article goes on to establish that, when the prior probability a player is strong is sufficiently small, this symbolic equilibrium uniquely satisfies the intuitive criterion. It then applies the model to two famous episodes from military history, the Doolittle Raid of WWII and the battles of Cannae and Capua of the Second Punic War. For both, it highlights how actors deliberately manipulate strategic risk to communicate with adversaries, allies, and their own publics.

AN EFFECTIVE ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING EQUILIBRIUM OUTCOME OF A CLASS OF SIGNALING GAMES

2002 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 209-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
GANG YU ◽  
ZHAOHAN SHENG ◽  
TIAOJUN XIAO
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Signaling Games ◽  
Equilibrium Outcome ◽  
Bayesian Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Unique Outcome ◽  
Intuitive Criterion ◽  
Definition Of

In this paper, we study the class of signaling games in which a unique perfect Bayesian Nash equilibrium outcome satisfying the Intuitive Criterion exists. We first describe the models of signaling games and lay out the definition of equilibrium and some basic assumptions. We then prove three basic theorems leading to the proof of the main theorem that gives sufficient conditions under which a signaling game has a unique outcome. The proof of the main theorem also leads to a method for computing the equilibrium outcome. We formally present the algorithm and illustrate its application through a numerical example. Finally, we apply our algorithm to enterprise management decision-making.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document