Sex Differences in Risk-Taking? Evidence from Female Representation in Legislatures

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dino Falaschetti
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Female Representation

scholarly journals Traumatic brain injury among female veterans: a review of sex differences in military neurosurgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. E16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily H. Kim ◽  
Jennifer L. Quon ◽  
Felicia W. Sun ◽  
Kristen M. Wortman ◽  
Maheen M. Adamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Veterans ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact

The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been demonstrated in various studies with respect to prevalence, morbidity, and mortality data. Many of the patients burdened with long-term sequelae of TBI are veterans. Although fewer in number, female veterans with TBI have been suggested to suffer from unique physical, mental, and social challenges. However, there remains a significant knowledge gap in the sex differences in TBI. Increased female representation in the military heralds an increased risk of TBI for female soldiers, and medical professionals must be prepared to address the unique health challenges in the face of changing demographics among the veteran TBI population. In this review, the authors aimed to present the current understanding of sex differences in TBI in the veteran population and suggest directions for future investigations.

scholarly journals How is maternal survival related to reproductive success?

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. T. Wang ◽  
Ralph Hertwig
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Maternal Survival ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

Campbell's target article is a stimulating attempt to extend our understanding of sex differences in risk-taking behaviors. However, Campbell does not succeed in demonstrating that her account adds explanatory power to those (e.g., Daly & Wilson 1994) previously proposed. In particular, little effort was made to explore the causal links between survival (staying alive) and reproduction.

The relevance of sex differences in risk-taking to the military and the workplace

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley R. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
The Military

Sex differences in willingness to take physical risks and in concern for peer esteem may be relevant to whether women should serve in combat, since two major fears soldiers experience are of being injured and of not measuring up as warriors. Women's relative aversion to nonphysical risk may have workplace implications, since risk taking is an attribute of most successful executives.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Attitudes Toward Dogs among College Students in Bangalore, India

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volsche ◽  
Mohan ◽  
Gray ◽  
Rangaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Second Demographic Transition ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Pet Dogs ◽  
Urban India ◽  
Relationship Of

Conversations in the field of anthrozoology include treatment and distinction of food animals, animals as workers versus pests, and most recently, emerging pet trends including the practice of pet parenting. This paper explores attitudes toward pet dogs in the shared social space of urban India. The data include 375 pen-and-paper surveys from students at CHRIST (Deemed to be University) in Bangalore, India. Reflecting upon Serpell’s biaxial concept of dogs as a relationship of affect and utility, the paper considers the growing trend of pet dog keeping in urban spaces and the increased use of affiliative words to describe these relationships. The paper also explores potential sex differences in attitudes towards pet and stray dogs. Ultimately, these findings suggest that the presence of and affiliation with pet dogs, with reduced utility and increased affect, is symptomatic of cultural changes typical of societies encountering the second demographic transition. Despite this, sex differences as expected based upon evolutionary principles, remain present, with women more likely to emphasize health and welfare and men more likely to emphasize bravery and risk taking.

scholarly journals Sex differences in lizard escape decisions vary with latitude, but not sexual dimorphism

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20150050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo S. M. Samia ◽  
Anders Pape Møller ◽  
Daniel T. Blumstein ◽  
Theodore Stankowich ◽  
William E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Natural And Sexual Selection ◽  
Predator Behaviour ◽  
Latitudinal Effect

Sexual selection is a powerful evolutionary mechanism that has shaped the physiology, behaviour and morphology of the sexes to the extent that it can reduce viability while promoting traits that enhance reproductive success. Predation is one of the underlying mechanisms accounting for viability costs of sexual displays. Therefore, we should expect that individuals of the two sexes adjust their anti-predator behaviour in response to changes in predation risk. We conducted a meta-analysis of 28 studies (42 species) of sex differences in risk-taking behaviour in lizards and tested whether these differences could be explained by sexual dichromatism, by sexual size dimorphism or by latitude. Latitude was the best predictor of the interspecific heterogeneity in sex-specific behaviour. Males did not change their escape behaviour with latitude, whereas females had increasingly reduced wariness at higher latitudes. We hypothesize that this sex difference in risk-taking behaviour is linked to sex-specific environmental constraints that more strongly affect the reproductive effort of females than males. This novel latitudinal effect on sex-specific anti-predator behaviour has important implications for responses to climate change and for the relative roles of natural and sexual selection in different species.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Risk Taking Behavior among Dutch Cyclists

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 147470491301100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly D. Cobey ◽  
Freek Laan ◽  
Gert Stulp ◽  
Abraham P. Buunk ◽  
Thomas V. Pollet
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior

scholarly journals Sex differences in risk-taking and associative learning in rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 150485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolle Wolter Jolles ◽  
Neeltje J. Boogert ◽  
Ruud van den Bos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Predator Odour

In many species, males tend to have lower parental investment than females and greater variance in their reproductive success. Males might therefore be expected to adopt more high-risk, high-return behaviours than females. Next to risk-taking behaviour itself, sexes might also differ in how they respond to information and learn new associations owing to the fundamental link of these cognitive processes with the risk–reward axis. Here we investigated sex differences in both risk-taking and learned responses to risk by measuring male and female rats’ ( Rattus norvegicus ) behaviour across three contexts in an open field test containing cover. We found that when the environment was novel, males spent more time out of cover than females. Males also hid less when exposed to the test arena containing predator odour. By contrast, females explored more than males when the predator odour was removed (associatively learned risk). These results suggest that males are more risk-prone but behave more in line with previous experiences, while females are more risk-averse and more responsive to changes in their current environment. Our results suggest that male and female rats differ in how they cope with risk and highlight that a general link may exist between risk-taking behaviour and learning style.

Sex Differences in Associations of School Connectedness With Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking in Nova Scotia, Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 387-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald B. Langille ◽  
Mark Asbridge ◽  
Sunday Azagba ◽  
Gordon Flowerdew ◽  
Daniel Rasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
School Connectedness ◽  
Sexual Risk Taking ◽  
Adolescent Sexual Risk

scholarly journals Resting-state theta oscillations and reward sensitivity in risk taking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Azanova ◽  
Maria Herrojo Ruiz ◽  
Alexis V. Belianin ◽  
Vasily Klucharev ◽  
Vadim V. Nikulin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Reward And Punishment

AbstractFemales demonstrate greater risk aversion than males on a variety of tasks, but the underlying neurobiological basis is still unclear. We studied how theta (4-7 Hz) oscillations at rest related to three different measures of risk taking. Thirty-five participants (15 females) completed the Bomb Risk Elicitation Task (BRET), which allowed us to measure risk taking during an economic game. The Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT) was used to measure self-assessed risk attitudes as well as reward and punishment sensitivities. In addition, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS11) was included to quantify impulsiveness. To obtain measures of frontal theta asymmetry and frontal theta power, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) acquired prior to task completion, while participants were at rest. Frontal theta asymmetry correlated with average risk taking during the game but only in the female sample. By contrast, frontal theta power correlated with risk taking as well as with measures of reward and punishment sensitivity in the joint sample. Importantly, we showed that reward sensitivity mediated a correlation between risk taking and the power of theta oscillations localized to the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, we observed significant sex differences in source- and sensor-space theta power, risk taking during the game, and reward sensitivity. Our findings suggest that sensitivity to rewards, associated with resting-state theta oscillations in the anterior cingulate cortex, is a trait that potentially contributes to sex differences in risk taking.

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