Poverty-Efficient Transfer Programs: The Role of Targeting and Allocation Rules

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Yves Duclos ◽  
Paul Makdissi ◽  
Quentin T. Wodon
Keyword(s):  
Allocation Rules ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Efficient Transfer

Accounting for the Distribution of Benefits and Costs in Benefit–Cost Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
James K. Hammitt
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Choice ◽  
Alternative Evaluation ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Abstract Benefit–cost analysis (BCA) is often viewed as measuring the efficiency of a policy independent of the distribution of its consequences. The role of distributional effects on policy choice is disputed; either: (a) the policy that maximizes net benefits should be selected and distributional concerns should be addressed through other measures, such as tax and transfer programs or (b) BCA should be supplemented with distributional analysis and decision-makers should weigh efficiency and distribution in policy choice. The separation of efficiency and distribution is misleading. The measure of efficiency depends on the numéraire chosen for the analysis, whether monetary values or some other good (unless individuals have the same rates of substitution between them). The choice of numéraire is not neutral; it can affect the ranking of policies by calculated net benefits. Alternative evaluation methods, such as BCA using a different numéraire, weighted BCA, or a social welfare function (SWF), may better integrate concerns about distribution and efficiency. The most appropriate numéraire, distributional weights, or SWFs cannot be measured or statistically estimated; it is a normative choice.

Root hairs: the villi of plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Désirée Bienert ◽  
Lena M. Werner ◽  
Monika A. Wimmer ◽  
Gerd Patrick Bienert
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Transport ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Function ◽  
Development Structure ◽  
Efficient Transfer

Strikingly, evolution shaped similar tubular structures at the µm to mm scale in roots of sessile plants and in small intestines of mobile mammals to ensure an efficient transfer of essential nutrients from ‘dead matter' into biota. These structures, named root hairs (RHs) in plants and villi in mammals, numerously stretch into the environment, and extremely enlarge root and intestine surfaces. They are believed to forage for nutrients, and mediate their uptake. While the conceptional understanding of plant RH function in hydromineral nutrition seems clear, experimental evidence presented in textbooks is restricted to a very limited number of reference-nutrients. Here, we make an element-by-element journey through the periodic table and link individual nutrient availabilities to the development, structure/shape and function of RHs. Based on recent developments in molecular biology and the identification of mutants differing in number, length or other shape-related characteristics of RHs in various plant species, we present comprehensive advances in (i) the physiological role of RHs for the uptake of specific nutrients, (ii) the developmental and morphological responses of RHs to element availability and (iii) RH-localized nutrient transport proteins. Our update identifies crucial roles of RHs for hydromineral nutrition, mostly under nutrient and/or water limiting conditions, and highlights the influence of certain mineral availabilities on early stages of RH development, suggesting that nutritional stimuli, as deficiencies in P, Mn or B, can even dominate over intrinsic developmental programs underlying RH differentiation.

Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 929-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Hoynes ◽  
Jesse Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Low Income Families

We discuss the potential role of universal basic incomes (UBIs) in advanced countries. A feature of advanced economies that distinguishes them from developing countries is the existence of well-developed, if often incomplete, safety nets. We develop a framework for describing transfer programs that is flexible enough to encompass most existing programs as well as UBIs, and we use this framework to compare various UBIs to the existing constellation of programs in the United States. A UBI would direct much larger shares of transfers to childless, nonelderly, nondisabled households than existing programs, and much more to middle-income rather than poor households. A UBI large enough to increase transfers to low-income families would be enormously expensive. We review the labor supply literature for evidence on the likely impacts of a UBI. We argue that the ongoing UBI pilot studies will do little to resolve the major outstanding questions.

scholarly journals A next generation of conditional cash transfer programs

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-181
Author(s):  
Marcelo Neri
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer Programs ◽  
Goal Approach ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Social Security Benefits

Abstract This article evaluates the role of the Brazilian federal Conditional Cash Transfer programs (CCTs) such as Bolsa Família and Bolsa Escola during the past recent years and discusses their future. Based on previous empirical evidence based on my own work, I propose an integrated framework with two complementary perspectives. The first perspective is a goal approach based on the short term aggregated influences exerted by these programs, organized under four headings, namely: equality, prosperity, stability and sensibility. The emphasis here is to compare the results of Bolsa Família with other official programs such as BPC and Social Security benefits. The second perspective follows a means approach inspecting the microeconomic mechanisms through which CCTs operate, comparing the impacts on CCTs beneficiaries versus non-beneficiaries. Such perspective helps in dialoguing about the relevance of different CCTs attributes, and to discuss possible desirable upgrades.

scholarly journals Influence of previous exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer programs outcome

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Valeriya Sergeyevna Samulyzhko
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Previous Exposure ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Major Mechanism

This review presents the existing literature on association between the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in various biological materials and the success of IVF and ET treatment. This article discusses major mechanism of infertility within patients with previous exposure to C. trachomatis and the role of chlamydial heat shock protein in its pathogenesis

scholarly journals A Study of Students from Academic Programs in British Columbia's Community Colleges

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
John D. Dennison ◽  
Glen Forrester ◽  
Gordon Jones
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
Academic Programs ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
College Age ◽  
Mature Students ◽  
University Transfer ◽  
University Degree ◽  
The University ◽  
Changing Role

One of the major features of British Columbia's community colleges has been the university transfer programs which provide the opportunity for students to earn credits towards a university degree. Previous studies have shown, however, that only a small percentage of students from these programs actually transfer to a university. This study was designed to examine the behaviour of those students who complete academic or university transfer courses in a college, but do not continue their study in a university. Data were gathered from approximately 4,000 students from 14 colleges in the 1979-80 calendar year. The results of the study indicate that students pursue academic credit courses primarily for per- sonal development rather than for university transfer. The community colleges provide an intellectual and cultural environment, particularly for mature students who for geographic, educational or socio-economic reasons would not have been able to continue their education beyond secondary school The study provided an important insight into the changing role of the community college. Originally designed as an institution for college age students to begin university level study, it has become a multi-purpose educational resource for a wide segment of society.

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