The Theoretical Minimum Energy Use in a Typical U.S. Office Building

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Davila ◽  
David E. Claridge
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Theoretical Minimum

scholarly journals Aedes Aegypti: Energetics of Osmoregulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Minimum Energy Cost ◽  
Anal Papillae ◽  
Theoretical Minimum

1. Oxygen consumption of A. aegypti larvae, about 210 mul l g−1 tissue wet weight h−1, does not change when the salinity of the environment is changed. The number of mitochondria in the anal papillae, a salt-absorbing epithelium, increases as the external medium is diluted. There is no difference in oxygen consumption between isolated anal papillae in 0, 2 and 20% sea water. The papillae represent about 5% of body volume and their oxygen consumption is about 2% of the animal's total. The theoretical minimum energy cost of osmoregulation is four orders of magnitude smaller than the measured figure for the anal papillae alone. Osmoregulatory phenomena which would explain the recorded observations are discussed.

Whole Facility Measurement for Quantifying Energy Saving in an Office Building, Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 785 ◽  
pp. 676-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Shahida Razali ◽  
Nofri Yenita Dahlan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Independent Variable

This paper presents the concept of International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) for determining energy saving at whole facility level for an office building in Malaysia. Regression analysis is used to develop baseline model from a set of baseline data which correlates baseline energy with appropriate independents variables, i.e. Cooling Degree Days (CDD) and Number of Working Days (NWD) in this paper. In determining energy savings, the baseline energy is adjusted to the same set condition of reporting period using energy cost avoidance approach. Two types of energy saving analyses have been presented in the case study; 1) Single linear regression for each independent variable, 2) Multiple linear regression for each independent variable. Results show that NWD has coefficient of determination, R2 higher than CDD which indicates that NWD has stronger correlation with the energy use than CDD in the building. Finding also shows that the R2 for multiple linear regression model are higher than single linear regression model. This shows the fact that more than one component are affecting the energy use in the building.

Roof Cover Impact on Cooling Energy Use of Office Buildings

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Building Energy Use ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
Simplified Calculation ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the impact of roof covers on office building energy use for representative US climate zones. In particular, the study presented in the paper investigates the potential annual cooling energy use savings that roof covers could provide using whole-building simulation analysis to evaluate the performance of a 2-story office building in five US locations. Three parameters of the roof covers including their size, height, and transmittance, are considered in the analysis. The simulation results indicate that while roof covers had similar affects on buildings in all climate zones, their impact in reducing cooling energy usage is different and is more pronounced in cooler climates. Specifically, roof covers could potentially achieve cooling energy savings of up to: 25% in Houston, 33% in Atlanta, 31% in Nashville, 38% in Chicago, and 41% in Madison. Based on the detailed simulation analysis results, a simplified calculation model is developed to help the estimation of cooling energy savings as a function of the roof cover size, height, and transmittance.

Analysis of Electrical Energy Savings From Daylighting Through Skylights

Solar Energy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelkarim Nemri ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Energy Saving Potential ◽  
Lighting Energy ◽  
The Impact

This paper provides a simplified analysis tool to assess the energy saving potential of daylighting for commercial buildings through skylights. Specifically, the impact of daylighting is investigated for various fenestration opening sizes, glazing types, control strategies, and geographic locations. A top floor of a prototypical office building has been considered in the analysis. The results obtained for the office building can be applied to other types of buildings such as retails stores, schools, and warehouses. Based on the simulation analysis results, it was determined that skylight to floor ratio more than 0.3 does not affect significantly the lighting energy savings. An optimum value of skylight to floor area ratio was found to be 0.2 to minimize the annual total building energy use.

scholarly journals Innovative HVAC System Using an Integrated Greenhouse for a Virtual Low Energy Office Building

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 04011
Author(s):  
Catalin Lungu ◽  
Florin Baltaretu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Venturi Effect ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
Air Intake ◽  
Air Humidification

In this paper the authors describe a HVAC innovative system using an integrated greenhouse for heating and cooling an office building. The ventilation system allows natural (night) or mechanical ventilation and the passive cooling during the summer, including cold storage in the building structure and the PCM plywood and the refrigeration energy use during the day. Natural ventilation occurs when the wind or the Venturi effect, created by the « hat » that supports the photovoltaic panels, is strong enough; otherwise, a variable speed exhaust fan mounted on top of the building is used. The plants inside the greenhouse can produce O2 under certain conditions necessary for refreshing the ventilation air. The environment of the greenhouse allows air humidification naturally, without the use of humidifiers. If the greenhouse is sufficiently insulated in winter, it can be used in the ventilation process: the air intake from offices through the greenhouse, humidified and enriched in O2 (premixed, if necessary, with fresh air) reaches the general air treatment unit, and then sent back. The process is similar in the summer, but without recirculation, due to the humidity of the air extracted from offices. Stale air humidification enhances the thermal transfer process from the desiccant collector.

Indoor environmental quality and energy use evaluation of a three-star green office building in China with field study

2020 ◽  
pp. 174425912094460
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Jianmin Cai ◽  
Yiwen Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Chinese Standard

In order to get more comprehensive operation performance on indoor environment quality (IEQ) and energy consumption, a long-time measurement and a field occupants’ satisfaction survey on IEQ performance of the first three-star-operation-certified green office building in Ningbo city of China have been conducted, and environmental energy efficiency (EEE) also has been analyzed. Moreover, IEQ and energy consumption of the green case office building are compared with other green office example buildings of the same climate zone in other literatures. The results show that the actual indoor thermal environment of the green case office building isn’t quite achieving the design goals with the Chinese standard of thermal comfort level II (GB 50736). Although indoor air quality of CO2 concentration and visual environment are consistent with the design goals, the indoor relative humidity doesn’t reach the design goal in most of the year. The questionnaire survey results illustrate that the green case building has a high occupants’ satisfaction on IEQ. The comparison results show that there is no obvious difference in indoor temperature and visual environment between the green case building and the green office example buildings in other studies. The results of occupant’s satisfaction and CO2 concentration of the green case building are better than in other studies. However, the indoor relative humidity of the green case building in every season is much higher than in other researches. Energy use intensity (EUI) of the green case building is about 56.5 kWh/m2·a, which is much lower than the constraint value of the Chinese standard. The actual performance of the green case building is also evaluated by the indicator of EEE. The results of this article can provide useful reference for green building operational performance promotion and feedback for design phase optimization.

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