The Total Social Cost Evaluation of Two Wind and PV Energy Development Modes: A Study on Henan of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Sun ◽  
Yunfei Li ◽  
Yuan Zeng ◽  
Tiankai Yang ◽  
Shimeng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Total Social Cost

scholarly journals The total social cost evaluation of two wind and PV energy development modes: A study on Henan of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 6565-6580
Author(s):  
Bing Sun ◽  
Yunfei Li ◽  
Yuan Zeng ◽  
Tiankai Yang ◽  
Shimeng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Total Social Cost

scholarly journals Commuting Pattern with Park-and-Ride Option for Heterogeneous Commuters

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengjuan Zhu ◽  
Bin Jia ◽  
Linghui Han ◽  
Ziyou Gao
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
User Equilibrium ◽  
Service Capacity ◽  
Travel Choice ◽  
Bottleneck Model ◽  
Park And Ride ◽  
Total Social Cost ◽  
Limited Service

We study the effect of the parking on heterogeneous commuters' travel choice in a competitive transportation system which consists of a subway and a parallel road with a bottleneck of limited service capacity. Every morning, commuters either use their private cars only or drive their cars to the bottleneck, park there, and then take the subway to the destination. Considering the effects caused by body congestion in carriage and the parking fees, we developed a bottleneck model to describe the commuters' travel choice. There exist several types of equilibrium that corresponds to user equilibrium. We investigated the influence of the capacity of the bottleneck and the total travel demand on the travel behaviors and on the total social cost. It is shown that there exists a scheme with suitable subway fare and parking fees to implement the minimum total social cost.

Highway Delays Resulting From Flow-Stopping Incidents

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gayer Donald
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Traffic Jam ◽  
Figures Of Merit ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Mechanical Breakdown ◽  
Total Vehicle ◽  
Total Social Cost

Modern highways, particularly the freeways of large cities, carry a considerable volume of traffic during certain times of day. Thus if any interruption or retardation of flow occurs, a large reaction in the shape of a monumental and time-consuming traffic jam soon appears. For example, when an accident or mechanical breakdown gives rise to a severe flow restriction or stoppage, many other vehicles may be quickly halted, and remain stopped until the impediment is cleared away. In addition, the flow of traffic may be slowed considerably even after the original stoppage is removed owing to the existence of a queue. Consequently, vehicles that arrive long after the original restriction is removed experience prolonged, and sometimes seemingly inexplicable, delay. Our purpose is to develop a probability model for the situation described, with the aim of estimating the consequence of a temporary flow restriction. Various measures of (in)effectiveness are worth considering. We consider primarily the total vehicle-hours waited while the jam dissipates; the latter may roughly measure total social cost. The total number of vehicles involved in the jam is also of interest, as are other figures of merit.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Social Cost in School Level Education of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
Mina Raj Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Student Enrolment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Total Social Cost

Social costs in education plays decisive role for education development and economic growth of a nation. In this context, this article tries to analyze the size, trend and growth rate of social cost in the education sector of Nepal by disaggregating it into total social cost, recurrent social cost, capital social cost, unit cost and marginal cost in community based school education of Nepal. The study is based on the secondary data obtained from official documents of Nepal’s Government such as flash report, budget speech, red book and so on. The time series data from 2011 AD to 2015 AD were collected for the analysis by using convenience non-random sampling method. The overall finding of the study shows that the share of the annual average social cost in education is 15.84 percent of the total cost of the government of Nepal. In other words, the government has allocated annual average Rs 68930697.6 thousands as social cost in educational sector during the study years. The average annual growth rate of this cost is 5.15 percent. The study also indicates that annual average total social cost is Rs 68930697.6 thousands, recurrent social cost is Rs 5,71,63,418.79 thousands and capital social cost is Rs 1,17,67,278.81 thousands in Nepal. Similarly, annual average total social cost is estimated to be Rs 3,33,35,928.80 thousands. The total social unit cost per teacher and total social unit cost per student are Rs 196.39 thousands and 5.51 thousands respectively. The annual average marginal social cost per teacher and marginal social cost per student are Rs 1308.08 thousands and -202.96 thousands respectively. The negative sign indicates that student enrolment has decreased over the study period. The findings of the study conclude that there is no any predictable relationship among student enrolment, teaching and non-teaching staffs and social cost of education in case of Nepal. However, UNESCO (1999) had analyzed public investment on education of 16 countries and it found that their average investment on education was 19.2 percent of GDP. Therefore, Nepal government should increase in educational investment from its current status of 15.80 percent to at least more than it in the coming years to develop educational sector of Nepal.

Frequency Optimization Models for Reducing Overcrowding Discomfort

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (5) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinshuk Agrawal ◽  
Hemant K. Suman ◽  
Nomesh B. Bolia
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Optimum Frequency ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Frequency Optimization ◽  
Total Social Cost ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
Bus Transport

One of the most important aspects of improving public bus transport attractiveness is reducing overcrowding in buses. However, most of the mathematical models that focus on designing bus services minimize the total social cost without considering the overcrowding discomfort. Further, they are mostly non-linear in nature and use heuristic and meta-heuristic approaches. Thus, they are difficult to understand and use by practitioners. This work addresses these gaps through models that include overcrowding discomfort and are also easy to implement and contextualize by practitioners. The authors develop one non-linear and two linear models to determine the optimum frequency of buses and apply them over a network of 34 routes of Delhi. The results reveal that the existing number of buses in Delhi is not sufficient to cater to the existing travel demand of peak hours, even after their optimum allocation. The authors also present a step-by-step procedure to enable practitioners to determine the minimum additional number of buses required to reduce the target discomfort and waiting time.

PART 3: Society: Social Benefits of Transit: Case Study of Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority

1997 ◽  
Vol 1576 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
Arthur C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Vehicle Miles Traveled ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Total Social Cost

Advocates of transit suggest that there are several important social benefits of transit systems—savings in pollution, congestion, and general social costs. Estimates of such savings have been limited to general comparisons with the personal occupancy vehicle (POV) mode usually on a vehicle-miles-traveled basis. Those savings are simulated in the context of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA). It is estimated that between 1980 and 1994, MARTA generated about $2.2 billion in total social cost savings by diverting POV riders to transit. Compared with the POV alternative, MARTA generates an average of about $107 million annually in savings to society even after considering society’s subsidies to transit. Shortcomings of the analysis and policy implications are discussed.

Highway Delays Resulting From Flow-Stopping Incidents

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gayer Donald
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Traffic Jam ◽  
Figures Of Merit ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Mechanical Breakdown ◽  
Total Vehicle ◽  
Total Social Cost

Modern highways, particularly the freeways of large cities, carry a considerable volume of traffic during certain times of day. Thus if any interruption or retardation of flow occurs, a large reaction in the shape of a monumental and time-consuming traffic jam soon appears. For example, when an accident or mechanical breakdown gives rise to a severe flow restriction or stoppage, many other vehicles may be quickly halted, and remain stopped until the impediment is cleared away. In addition, the flow of traffic may be slowed considerably even after the original stoppage is removed owing to the existence of a queue. Consequently, vehicles that arrive long after the original restriction is removed experience prolonged, and sometimes seemingly inexplicable, delay. Our purpose is to develop a probability model for the situation described, with the aim of estimating the consequence of a temporary flow restriction. Various measures of (in)effectiveness are worth considering. We consider primarily the total vehicle-hours waited while the jam dissipates; the latter may roughly measure total social cost. The total number of vehicles involved in the jam is also of interest, as are other figures of merit.

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