The Good, the Bad, and the not-so Ugly of Credit Booms: Capital Allocation and Financial Constraints

Russian policy makers argue that agriculture suffers from decapitalization due to financial constraints faced by producers. This view is the basis for the national agricultural policy, which emphasizes reimbursement of input costs and substitutes government and quasi-government organizations for missing market institutions. The article evaluates the availability of purchased farm inputs, the efficiency of their use, the main problems in the emergence of market institutions, and the impact of government policies. The analysis focuses on five groups of purchased inputs: farm machinery, fertilizers, fuel, seeds, and animal feed. The information sources include official statistics and data from two original surveys.

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Ties to the outside: An exploration of faculty interactions with external organizations

Higher Education Politics & Economics ◽

10.32674/hepe.v4i1.9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 295-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karley A Riffe

Keyword(s):

Study Design ◽

Financial Constraints ◽

Academic Discipline ◽

Faculty Members ◽

Faculty Work ◽

Case Study Design ◽

Low Resource ◽

Faculty Interactions ◽

Embedded Case Study

Faculty work now includes market-like behaviors that create research, teaching, and service opportunities. This study employs an embedded case study design to evaluate the extent to which faculty members interact with external organizations to mitigate financial constraints and how those relationships vary by academic discipline. The findings show a similar number of ties among faculty members in high- and low-resource disciplines, reciprocity between faculty members and external organizations, and an expanded conceptualization of faculty work.

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Political Connections and Financial Constraints: Evidence from Transition Countries

10.1596/1813-9450-8956 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Maurizio Bussolo ◽

Francesca de Nicola ◽

Ugo Panizza ◽

Richard Varghese

Keyword(s):

Financial Constraints ◽

Transition Countries ◽

Political Connections

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On Capital Allocation And The Real Cost Of Labour (Notes & Comments)

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v10i4pp.491-499 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 491-499

Author(s):

F. E. Banks

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

Wage Differential ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Capital Allocation ◽

Marginal Product ◽

Developing Economy ◽

Real Cost ◽

The Difference ◽

Industrial Wage ◽

Two Sectors

This note is an extension of several contributions to the problem of re¬source allocation in a developing economy. In separate papers, I.M.D. Little and F. Seton* have introduced a model in which labour in a developing economy cannot be shifted from the subsistence to the industrial sector at zero opportunity cost, even though this labour displays zero marginal product in its 'traditional' occupations; and in what follows this problem will be attacked via a diagramma¬tic analysis. A short appendix will treat a side issue of the topic. As Little presented the model, there was an initial amount of capital K to be divided between two sectors, the I (industrial) sector, and the C (subsistence, traditional, or agricultural) sector. In the C-sector, there is excess labour or dis¬guised unemployment, in the sense of Professor W. A. Lewis2, in that the marginal product of labour in this sector is taken as equal to zero. As it happens, however, this labour cannot be moved to the I-Sector without an increase in production in the C-sector. The reason for this is because as labour is transferred to the industrial sector, consumption per head increases in the C-sector, thus decreasing the surplus available for workers being transferred to the I-sector. The transfer can only be carried out if a surplus equal to the difference between the industrial wage in C-goods and the amount of C-goods 'released' by the C-sector is forth¬coming, and for this an increased production of C-goods (via the input of capital into the C-sector) must take place. A similar situation would exist if transferring workers required a wage differential; or if C-goods had to be exported to obtain certain types of capital goods for the labour being reallocated, and/or housing, training, etc.

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The essence of equity capital and its structuring for accounting needs

Herald of Ternopil National Economic University ◽

10.35774/visnyk2017.03.117 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 117-126

Author(s):

Iryna Nazarova

Keyword(s):

Accounting Standards ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Capital Allocation ◽

Equity Capital ◽

National Standards ◽

Equity Structure ◽

Key Factor ◽

Business Property ◽

Informational Value

The paper considers various interpretations of the essence of equity capital. The concept of equity capital is viewed from the perspective of property as a venture capital, i. e. business property, which does not guarantee profits and dividends, and for which there is no clear schedule of returning funds to investors and shareholders. The most common equity capital components in national and foreign practice are examined and compared. It is pointed out that the equity components mainly used in Ukraine are defined by the National Accounting Standards. Alternatively, the structure of equity capital components in foreign practice relies on the Conceptual Framework of Financial Statements, but it is further detailed by national standards of each country and depends on its policy and accounting characteristics. The structure of equity capital in foreign practice may be influenced by shareholders’ decisions on the establishment of funds (additional capital), allocation of profits, transactions with treasury shares. It is made clear that in most countries equity capital components include joint stock capital, surplus reserves, and retained profit. The article reviews the classification of equity capital, viewed as the key factor, and determines its influence on accounting principles and policies. It is concluded that in regulatory documents, there are no clear lines between types of equity capital. The paper also discusses various views of scholars on equity capital arrangement. It is found that in research works, equity capital is classified based on various characteristics, but the majority of researchers consider sources of equity capital to be the main criterion. In addition, there is no consensus among academics as to what types of equity capital can be singled out by the criterion described. Taking into consideration some proposals of scholars and foreign practice related to ac- counting of equity capital, the author develops a generalized structure of equity capital which is based on the sources of capital formation and includes: invested capital, particularly registered capital (statutory and mandatory share capital), corrective capital (unpaid and withdrawn capital), additional capital (capital received from investors for stock that exceeds the par value of the stock, i.e. additional equity capital); acquired capital (assets received for free, capital formed from revaluation of assets, other capital) and reinvested capital (retained profits (uncovered losses) and surplus reserves). The above equity structure can be used to prepare financial statements in order to increase its informational value. Proposals are given on how to improve methods for accounting of equity capital, in particular accounting of additional capital invested by founders in the account entitled “Non-registered investments of owners”.

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