scholarly journals Services Trade Policies and Economic Integration: New Evidence for Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Hoekman ◽  
Ben Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Services Trade ◽  
New Evidence

scholarly journals Services Trade Policies and Economic Integration: New Evidence for Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Bernard Hoekman ◽  
Ben Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Services Trade ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Regulatory Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract This paper applies machine learning to recreate to a high degree of accuracy the OECD's Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) to provide quantitative evidence on the restrictiveness of services policies in 2016 for a sample of developing countries, using regulatory data collected by the World Bank and WTO. Resulting estimates are used to extend the OECD STRI approach to 23 additional countries, producing what we term a Services Policy Index (SPI). Converting the SPI to ad valorem equivalent terms shows that services policies are typically much more restrictive than tariffs on imports of goods, in particular in professional services and telecommunications. The SPI has strong explanatory power for bilateral trade in services at the sectoral level, as well as for aggregate goods and services trade.

scholarly journals New evidence on the link between ethnic fractionalization and economic freedom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Marson ◽  
Matteo Migheli ◽  
Donatella Saccone
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Ethnic Fractionalization ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
New Evidence

AbstractAmong the determinants of economic freedom, the presence of different ethnic groups within a country has sometimes been explored by the empirical literature, without conclusive evidence on the sign of the relation, its drivers, and the conditions under which it holds. This paper offers new evidence by empirically modelling how ethnic fragmentation is related to economic freedom, as measured by the Economic Freedom Index and by each of its numerous areas, components and sub-components. The results provide insights on the components driving the effect and, interestingly, detect notable differences between developed and developing countries.

Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries

2000 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Bellin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Economic ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Late Development ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Support For Democracy ◽  
The Impact

Many classic works of political economy have identified capital and labor as the champions of democratization during the first wave of transition. By contrast, this article argues for the contingent nature of capital and labor's support for democracy, especially in the context of late development. The article offers a theory of democratic contingency, proposing that a few variables, namely, state dependence, aristocratic privilege, and social fear account for much of the variation found in class support for democratization both across and within cases. Conditions associated with late development make capital and labor especially prone to diffidence about democratization. But such diffidence is subject to change, especially under the impact of international economic integration, poverty-reducing social welfare policies, and economic growth that is widely shared. Case material from Korea, Indonesia, Mexico, Zambia, Brazil, Tunisia and other countries is offered as evidence.

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