How Prepared Were Households for COVID-19? Implications for Young Children in 45 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqun Luan ◽  
Sara N. Naicker ◽  
S. V. Subramanian ◽  
Jere R. Behrman ◽  
S. Jody Heymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Estimating Diarrhea Mortality among Young Children in Low and Middle Income Countries

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e29151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christa L. Fischer Walker ◽  
Martin J. Aryee ◽  
Cynthia Boschi-Pinto ◽  
Robert E. Black
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Prevalence and changes of anemia among young children and women in 47 low- and middle-income countries, 2000-2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 101136
Author(s):  
Jiahong Sun ◽  
Han Wu ◽  
Min Zhao ◽  
Costan G. Magnussen ◽  
Bo Xi
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Nonadult Supervision of Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Results from 61 National Population-Based Surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Ruiz-Casares ◽  
José Nazif-Muñoz ◽  
René Iwo ◽  
Youssef Oulhote
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Despite scarce empirical research in most countries, evidence has shown that young children are unsupervised or under the supervision of another young child while their adult caregivers attend work or engage in other activities outside the home. Lack of quality supervision has been linked to unintentional childhood injuries and other negative outcomes. Nationally representative, population-based data from rounds four and five of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and four to eight of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 61 low- and middle-income countries were used to estimate prevalence and socio-economic factors associated with leaving children under five years old home alone or under the care of another child younger than 10 years of age. Socio-economic factors included age and sex of the child, rurality, wealth, maternal education, and household composition. Large variations in the prevalence rates (0.1–35.3% for children home alone and 0.2–50.6% for children supervised by another child) and associated factors have been recorded within and across regions and countries. Understanding why and under what conditions children are home alone or under the supervision of another child is crucial to the development of suitable policies and interventions to protect young children, promote healthy growth, and support caregivers.

scholarly journals Model‐Informed Assessment of Anti‐Infectives for Young Children in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Jonathan Arm ◽  
Lyou‐Fu Ma ◽  
Stephen Ward ◽  
David Hermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals The Importance of Iron Status for Young Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Armitage ◽  
Diego Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Early childhood is characterised by high physiological iron demand to support processes including blood volume expansion, brain development and tissue growth. Iron is also required for other essential functions including the generation of effective immune responses. Adequate iron status is therefore a prerequisite for optimal child development, yet nutritional iron deficiency and inflammation-related iron restriction are widespread amongst young children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), meaning iron demands are frequently not met. Consequently, therapeutic iron interventions are commonly recommended. However, iron also influences infection pathogenesis: iron deficiency reduces the risk of malaria, while therapeutic iron may increase susceptibility to malaria, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, besides reshaping the intestinal microbiome. This means caution should be employed in administering iron interventions to young children in LMIC settings with high infection burdens. In this narrative review, we first examine demand and supply of iron during early childhood, in relation to the molecular understanding of systemic iron control. We then evaluate the importance of iron for distinct aspects of physiology and development, particularly focusing on young LMIC children. We finally discuss the implications and potential for interventions aimed at improving iron status whilst minimising infection-related risks in such settings. Optimal iron intervention strategies will likely need to be individually or setting-specifically adapted according to iron deficiency, inflammation status and infection risk, while maximising iron bioavailability and considering the trade-offs between benefits and risks for different aspects of physiology. The effectiveness of alternative approaches not centred around nutritional iron interventions for children should also be thoroughly evaluated: these include direct targeting of common causes of infection/inflammation, and maternal iron administration during pregnancy.

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