scholarly journals Cross-Country Effects and Policy Responses to COVID-19 in 2020: The Nordic Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gordon ◽  
Quentin Grafton ◽  
Stein Ivar Steinshamn
Keyword(s):  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Country Effects ◽  
Cross Country

Crisis in the Eye of the Beholder

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigore Pop-Eleches
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
International Monetary Fund Program

This article analyzes the interaction between economic crises and partisan politics during International Monetary Fund program initiation in Latin America in the 1980s and Eastern Europe in the 1990s. The author argues that economic crises are at least in part in the eye of the beholder, and therefore policy responses reflect the interaction between crisis intensity and the government's partisan interpretation of the crisis, which in turn depends on the nature of the economic crisis and its broader regional and international environment. Using cross-country statistical evidence from the two regions, the article shows that certain types of crises, such as liquidity shortfalls, elicit similar responses across the ideological spectrum and regional contexts. By contrast, debt repayment and domestic crises are more prone to divergent ideological interpretations, but the extent of partisan divergence is context sensitive in that it occurred during the Latin American debt crisis but not in the post-communist transition.

Superintendent leadership under shifting governance regimes

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 812-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Merok Paulsen ◽  
Olof Johansson ◽  
Lejf Moos ◽  
Elisabet Nihlfors ◽  
Mika Risku
Keyword(s):  
Professional Learning ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Superintendent Leadership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Historical Legacies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the superintendent position, its relation to the local political system and the function as superior of principals in the school district in order to illuminate important district-level conditions for student learning. Influences from historical legacies and policy cultures are investigated by means of cross-country case analyses. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on data from national surveys of superintendent leadership in Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway. Findings – A key point is the observation of a mix-mode system of hard and soft governance. Municipalities, schools, teachers and pupils are – in different degrees across the Nordic countries – subjected to external evaluation and assessment by central control agencies, where the streams of reports, assessments and performance data are assembled. However, shifts in the governance systems are only modestly reflected in the self-reports on the superintendents’ role. Overall, superintendents in the cases express a self-preferred leadership style as professional learning facilitators who focus on pupil orientation, which positions the superintendent in “crossfires” between conflicting stakeholder demands. Research limitations/implications – The paper reinforces the importance of superintendent leadership in local school governance. It underscores the importance that superintendents facilitate learning conditions for school leaders, teachers and students, which we see as a promising path for further research. Originality/value – The paper provides empirical evidence regarding superintendent leadership situated in local social and political contexts within the Nordic countries. The cross-country analysis illuminates how path-pendent historical legacies mediate current reform trends.

Cross-Cutting Themes in Major Article IV Consultations

Policy Papers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Euro Area ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross Country

This paper is part of a broader on-going effort to bring a more cross-country perspective to bilateral surveillance, taking advantage of a cluster of Article IV consultations with five systemically important economies concluded in July. With the five economies—the United States, the Euro area, China, Japan, and the United Kingdom—accounting for two-thirds of global output and three quarters of capital flows, the nature of linkages and consistency of policy responses across the systemic five (S5) has important implications for the world economy.

Policy Responses to Tropical Deforestation: Are Debt-for-Nature Swaps Appropriate?

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Kraemer ◽  
Jörg Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Tropical Deforestation ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Country Study ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Conservation Projects

This paper examines passible causes for the acceleration of tropical deforestation and the role of a popular instrument to reverse this trend, debt-for-nature swamps (DNS). This instrument builds on the contention that the debt crisis of developing countries has created the need to exploit natural resources, such as tropical forest areas. Thus, DNS could potentially protect forests directly (through conservation projects) and indirectly (by reducing debt-induced pressure on the forests). First, an instrumental critique of DNS is given, followed by an empirical examination of the debt-deforestation link that stands behind the instrument of DNS. Neither this nor other plausible causes of the acceleration of deforestation can be identified as significant in a cross-country study. The paper concludes that appropriate policy instruments must be based on case-specific research.

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