The Olfactory Pathway Preserves Sensory Transmission During Sleep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Schreck ◽  
Liujing Zhuang ◽  
Emma Janke ◽  
Andrew H. Moberly ◽  
Jay A. Gottfried ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Sensory Transmission

Sensory Transmission is Bi-directionally Modulated by Astrocytic Ca2+ in Barrel Cortex of Behaving Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeng Gu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Kuan Zhang ◽  
Rou Feng ◽  
Naling Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Two Photon Microscopy ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Sensory Transmission

Abstract Different effects of astrocyte during sleep and awake have been extensively studied, especially for metabolic clearance by the glymphatic system, which works during sleep and stops working during waking states. However, how astrocytes contribute to modulation of sensory transmission during sleep and awake animals remain largely unknown. Recent advances in genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators have provided a wealth of information on astrocytic Ca2+, especially in their fine perisynaptic processes, where astrocytic Ca2+ most likely affects the synaptic function. Here we use two-photon microscopy to image astrocytic Ca2+ signaling in freely moving mice trained to run on a wheel in combination with in vivo whole-cell recordings to evaluate the role of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling in different behavior states. We found that there are two kinds of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling: a small long-lasting Ca2+ increase during sleep state and a sharp widespread but short-long-lasting Ca2+ spike when the animal was awake (fluorescence increases were 23.2 ± 14.4% for whisker stimulation at sleep state, compared with 73.3 ± 11.7% for at awake state, paired t-test, p < 0.01). The small Ca2+ transients decreased extracellular K+, hyperpolarized the neurons, and suppressed sensory transmission; while the large Ca2+ wave enhanced sensory input, contributing to reliable sensory transmission in aroused states. Locus coeruleus activation works as a switch between these two kinds of astrocytic Ca2+ elevation. Thus, we show that cortical astrocytes play an important role in processing of sensory input. These two types of events appear to have different pharmacological sources and may play a different role in facilitating the efficacy of sensory transmission.

Proboscis lateralis with ipsilateral sinonasal and olfactory pathway aplasia

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Vaid ◽  
Darshan Shah ◽  
Sudarshan Rawat ◽  
Rahul Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Proboscis Lateralis

scholarly journals RORβ Spinal Interneurons Gate Sensory Transmission during Locomotion to Secure a Fluid Walking Gait

Neuron ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1419-1431.e5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C. Koch ◽  
Marta Garcia Del Barrio ◽  
Antoine Dalet ◽  
Graziana Gatto ◽  
Thomas Günther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Walking Gait ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Sensory Transmission
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