scholarly journals Capitalising on External Constraint: Six Things You Should Know About Eurozone Bailouts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Moury ◽  
Stella Ladi ◽  
Daniel Cardoso ◽  
Angie Gago
Keyword(s):  
External Constraint

Smokers’ (Dis)satisfaction, Persuasive Constraint, and Influence of Expert and Non-Expert Sources

2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Falomir-Pichastor ◽  
Gabriel Mugny ◽  
Federica Invernizzi
Keyword(s):  
Intention To Quit ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Internal Motivation ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
External Constraint ◽  
Source Study ◽  
Expert Sources

The present research tested the hypothesis that an internal motivation to change is elaborated as an external constraint and is less predictive of change when the source is expert than when it is non-expert. In two studies, smokers were categorized as either dissatisfied or moderately satisfied according to their degree of dissatisfaction with their image as smokers (i.e., internal motivation to change). They were then exposed to an antismoking argument attributed either to an expert or to a non-expert source. Compared to moderately satisfied smokers, dissatisfied smokers perceived the source as making less effort to convince them (Study 1, N = 43), and as being less disrespectful (Study 2, N = 81), but this pattern was significant only for the non-expert source. Study 2 also showed that experts had more influence on intention to quit smoking among moderately satisfied smokers, whereas non-experts had more influence among dissatisfied smokers.

scholarly journals Cardiopulmonary physiology: why the heart and lungs are inextricably linked

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Verhoeff ◽  
Jamie R. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Intrathoracic Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Diastolic Filling ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
External Constraint ◽  
Heart Blood ◽  
Science Educators

Because the heart and lungs are confined within the thoracic cavity, understanding their interactions is integral for studying each system. Such interactions include changes in external constraint to the heart, blood volume redistribution (venous return), direct ventricular interaction (DVI), and left ventricular (LV) afterload. During mechanical ventilation, these interactions can be amplified and result in reduced cardiac output. For example, increased intrathoracic pressure associated with mechanical ventilation can increase external constraint and limit ventricular diastolic filling and, therefore, output. Similarly, high intrathoracic pressures can alter blood volume distribution and limit diastolic filling of both ventricles while concomitantly increasing pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to increased DVI, which may further limit LV filling. While LV afterload is generally considered to decrease with increased intrathoracic pressure, the question arises if the reduced LV afterload is primarily a consequence of a reduced LV preload. A thorough understanding of the interaction between the heart and lungs can be complicated but is essential for clinicians and health science students alike. In this teaching review, we have attempted to highlight the present understanding of certain salient aspects of cardiopulmonary physiology and pathophysiology, as well as provide a resource for multidisciplined health science educators and students.

Resolving kinematic redundancy in target-reaching movements with and without external constraint

2008 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongpyo Lee ◽  
Daniel M. Corcos ◽  
Jonathan Shemmell ◽  
Sue Leurgans ◽  
Ziaul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Kinematic Redundancy ◽  
External Constraint

Phase dynamics for pattern-forming equilibrium systems under an external constraint

1989 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 6319-6322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut R. Brand ◽  
Jose E. Wesfreid
Keyword(s):  
Phase Dynamics ◽  
External Constraint ◽  
Pattern Forming
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