Alternate Decision Rules, the Flexibility Premium, and Land Development Over Time and Under Uncertainty

This chapter examines different methods to support accessibility-based analysis for both land-development and transportation projects to help forge a closer link between accessibility analysis and applied decision making in planning. Accessibility metrics vary in their measurement approach, purposes, and levels of complexity. Accessibility is normally reported in the form of a score or index to describe the ease of reaching destinations from a place, which allows analysts to compare accessibility from one place to another, or track changes in accessibility over time. The chapter then considers the foundational concepts of accessibility measurement and representation. It also demonstrates empirical application at the project level. Moving accessibility-based evaluation from the regional scenario to the project level involves more than applying regional tools to individual decisions, because project-level analysis is inherently different from a regional analysis.

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Using Accelerometers in Youth Physical Activity Studies: A Review of Methods

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.10.3.437 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 437-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 350

Author(s):

Kelli L. Cain ◽

James F. Sallis ◽

Terry L. Conway ◽

Delfien Van Dyck ◽

Lynn Calhoon

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Decision Rule ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Accelerometer Data ◽

Cut Points ◽

Moderate Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Youth Physical Activity ◽

Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Over Time

Background:In 2005, investigators convened by the National Cancer Institute recommended development of standardized protocols for accelerometer use and reporting decision rules in articles. A literature review was conducted to document accelerometer methods and decision rule reporting in youth physical activity articles from 2005−2010.Methods:Nine electronic databases identified 273 articles that measured physical activity and/or sedentary behavior using the most-used brand of accelerometer (ActiGraph). Six key methods were summarized by age group (preschool, children, and adolescents) and trends over time were examined.Results:Studies using accelerometers more than doubled from 2005−2010. Methods included 2 ActiGraph models, 6 epoch lengths, 6 nonwear definitions, 13 valid day definitions, 8 minimum wearing day thresholds, 12 moderate-intensity physical activity cut points, and 11 sedentary cut points. Child studies showed the most variation in methods and a trend toward more variability in cut points over time. Decision rule reporting improved, but only 54% of papers reported on all methods.Conclusion:The increasing diversity of methods used to process and score accelerometer data for youth precludes comparison of results across studies. Decision rule reporting is inconsistent, and trends indicate declining standardization of methods. A methodological research agenda and consensus process are proposed.

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Bid Values and their Role in Land Development Over Time and Under Uncertainty

Studies in Regional Science ◽

10.2457/srs.33.229 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 229-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amitrajeet A. BATABYAL ◽

Seung Jick Yoo

Keyword(s):

Land Development ◽

Over Time

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Endogenizing the Reservation Value in Models of Land Development Over Time and Under Uncertainty

Studies in Regional Science ◽

10.2457/srs.34.3_219 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 219-224

Author(s):

Amitrajeet A. BATABYAL ◽

Basudeb BISWAS

Keyword(s):

Land Development ◽

Over Time

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Item Pool Quality Control in Educational Testing: Change Point Model, Compound Risk, and Sequential Detection

Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics ◽

10.3102/10769986211059085 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107699862110590

Author(s):

Yunxiao Chen ◽

Yi-Hsuan Lee ◽

Xiaoou Li

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Properties ◽

Change Point ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Educational Testing ◽

Sequential Decision ◽

Point Model ◽

Test Items ◽

Abrupt Changes ◽

Change Point Model ◽

Over Time

In standardized educational testing, test items are reused in multiple test administrations. To ensure the validity of test scores, the psychometric properties of items should remain unchanged over time. In this article, we consider the sequential monitoring of test items, in particular, the detection of abrupt changes to their psychometric properties, where a change can be caused by, for example, leakage of the item or change of the corresponding curriculum. We propose a statistical framework for the detection of abrupt changes in individual items. This framework consists of (1) a multistream Bayesian change point model describing sequential changes in items, (2) a compound risk function quantifying the risk in sequential decisions, and (3) sequential decision rules that control the compound risk. Throughout the sequential decision process, the proposed decision rule balances the trade-off between two sources of errors, the false detection of prechange items, and the nondetection of postchange items. An item-specific monitoring statistic is proposed based on an item response theory model that eliminates the confounding from the examinee population which changes over time. Sequential decision rules and their theoretical properties are developed under two settings: the oracle setting where the Bayesian change point model is completely known and a more realistic setting where some parameters of the model are unknown. Simulation studies are conducted under settings that mimic real operational tests.

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