Mandatory Childhood Immunization Programs: Is There Still a Role for Religious and Conscience Belief Exemptions?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariette Brennan ◽  
Kumanan Wilson ◽  
Vanessa Gruben
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Childhood Immunization

scholarly journals Every child on the map: A theory of change framework for improving childhood immunization coverage and equity using geospatial data and technologies (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cunard Chaney ◽  
Patricia Mechael ◽  
Nay Myo Thu ◽  
Mamadou S Diallo ◽  
Carine Gachen
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Geospatial Data ◽  
Health System Strengthening ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Effective Use

UNSTRUCTURED The effective use of geospatial data and technologies to collect, manage, analyze, model and visualize geographic data has great potential to improve data driven decision-making for immunization programs. This article presents A Theory of Change for the use of geospatial technologies for immunization programming, a framework to illustrate the ways that geospatial data and technologies can contribute to improved immunization outcomes and have a positive impact on childhood immunization coverage rates in low- and middle-income countries. The Theory of Change is the result of a review of the state of the evidence and literature, consultation with implementers, donors, immunization and geospatial technology experts and a review of country implementation experiences. The framework illustrates how the effective use of geospatial data and technologies can help immunization programs realize improvements in the number of children immunized by producing reliable estimates of target populations, identifying chronically missed settlements and locations with the highest number of zero-dose and under-immunized children and guiding immunization managers with solutions to optimize resource distribution and location of health services. Through these direct effects on service delivery, geospatial data and technologies can contribute to overall health system strengthening with equity in immunization coverage. The Theory of Change presented here may serve as a guide for country program managers, implementers, donors and other stakeholders to better understand how geospatial tools can support immunization programs and facilitate integrated service planning and equitable delivery through the unifying role of geography and geospatial data.

Rationalizing Childhood Immunization Programs

2009 ◽  
pp. 430-442
Author(s):  
Andrew Pollard ◽  
Kathryn Edwards ◽  
Bernard Fritzell
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Childhood Immunization

scholarly journals Barriers to Childhood Immunization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Benjamin Bangura ◽  
Shui-yuan Xiao ◽  
Dan Qiu ◽  
Feiyun Ouyang ◽  
Lei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Immunization to prevent infectious diseases is a core strategy to improve childhood health as well as survival. It remains a challenge for some African countries to attain the required childhood immunization coverage. We aim at identifying individual barriers confronting parents/caretakers, providers, and health systems that hinder childhood immunization coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa. Method This systematic review searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE. We restricted to published articles in English that focused on childhood immunization barriers in Sub-Saharan Africa from January 1988 to February 2019. We excluded studies if: focused on barriers to immunization for children in other regions of the world, studied adult immunization barriers; studies not available on the university library, they were editorial, reports, reviews, supplement, and bulletins. Study designs included were cross-sectional, second-hand data analysis; and case control. Results Of the 2,538 items identified, 40 met inclusion criteria. Parents/caretakers were the most common subjects. Eight articles were of moderate and 32 were of high methodological quality. Seven studies analyzed secondary data; 30 used cross-sectional designs and three employed case control method. Twenty-five studies reported national immunization coverage of key vaccines for children under one, fifteen did not. When reported, national immunization coverages of childhood vaccines were reported to be low. Parents/caretaker’s barriers included lack of knowledge of immunization, distance to access point, financial deprivation, lack of partners support, and distrust in vaccines and immunization programs. Other associated factors for low vaccine rates included the number of off-springs, life style, migration and occupation. Barriers at health system level cited by healthcare providers included limited human resources and inadequate infrastructures to maintain the cold chain and adequate supply of vaccines. Conclusion In this review we identified more thoroughly the parents/caretakers’ barriers than those of providers and health systems. Factors that influenced decisions to get children vaccinated were mainly their gender, beliefs, socio-economic and socio-culture factors in the communities in which they live. Thus it is vital that immunization programs consider these barriers and address the people and societies in their communities across Sub-Saharan Africa.

Childhood Immunization Programs: An Analysis of Policy Issues

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Freed ◽  
W. Clayton Bordley ◽  
Gordon H. DeFriese
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Policy Issues

scholarly journals Status of the Rollout of the Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine in African Meningitis Belt Countries in 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S140-S147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ado Bwaka ◽  
André Bita ◽  
Clément Lingani ◽  
Katya Fernandez ◽  
Antoine Durupt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Catch Up

Abstract Background A novel meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV [MenAfriVac]) was developed as part of efforts to prevent frequent meningitis outbreaks in the African meningitis belt. The MACV was first used widely and with great success, beginning in December 2010, during initial deployment in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. Since then, MACV rollout has continued in other countries in the meningitis belt through mass preventive campaigns and, more recently, introduction into routine childhood immunization programs associated with extended catch-up vaccinations. Methods We reviewed country reports on MACV campaigns and routine immunization data reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Africa from 2010 to 2018, as well as country plans for MACV introduction into routine immunization programs. Results By the end of 2018, 304 894 726 persons in 22 of 26 meningitis belt countries had received MACV through mass preventive campaigns targeting individuals aged 1–29 years. Eight of these countries have introduced MACV into their national routine immunization programs, including 7 with catch-up vaccinations for birth cohorts born after the initial rollout. The Central African Republic introduced MACV into its routine immunization program immediately after the mass 1- to 29-year-old vaccinations in 2017 so no catch-up was needed. Conclusions From 2010 to 2018, successful rollout of MACV has been recorded in 22 countries through mass preventive campaigns followed by introduction into routine immunization programs in 8 of these countries. Efforts continue to complete MACV introduction in the remaining meningitis belt countries to ensure long-term herd protection.

scholarly journals Rotarix in Developing Countries: Paving the Way for Inclusion in National Childhood Immunization Programs in Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 202 (S1) ◽  
pp. S80-S86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pawinski ◽  
Serge Debrus ◽  
Andrée Delem ◽  
Igor Smolenov ◽  
Pemmaraju V. Suryakiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
The Way

scholarly journals Considerations for mandatory childhood immunization programs

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (78) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Noni E MacDonald ◽  
Eve Dubé ◽  
Daniel Grandt
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Childhood Immunization
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