Locked-in at Home: The Impact of COVID-19 School Closures on Female Analysts' Attention at Work

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengqiao Du
Keyword(s):  
School Closures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

scholarly journals Early social distancing policies in Europe, changes in mobility & COVID-19 case trajectories: Insights from Spring 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253071
Author(s):  
Liana R. Woskie ◽  
Jonathan Hennessy ◽  
Valeria Espinosa ◽  
Thomas C. Tsai ◽  
Swapnil Vispute ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Government Response ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Aggregate Population ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
At Home

Background Social distancing have been widely used to mitigate community spread of SARS-CoV-2. We sought to quantify the impact of COVID-19 social distancing policies across 27 European counties in spring 2020 on population mobility and the subsequent trajectory of disease. Methods We obtained data on national social distancing policies from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker and aggregated and anonymized mobility data from Google. We used a pre-post comparison and two linear mixed-effects models to first assess the relationship between implementation of national policies and observed changes in mobility, and then to assess the relationship between changes in mobility and rates of COVID-19 infections in subsequent weeks. Results Compared to a pre-COVID baseline, Spain saw the largest decrease in aggregate population mobility (~70%), as measured by the time spent away from residence, while Sweden saw the smallest decrease (~20%). The largest declines in mobility were associated with mandatory stay-at-home orders, followed by mandatory workplace closures, school closures, and non-mandatory workplace closures. While mandatory shelter-in-place orders were associated with 16.7% less mobility (95% CI: -23.7% to -9.7%), non-mandatory orders were only associated with an 8.4% decrease (95% CI: -14.9% to -1.8%). Large-gathering bans were associated with the smallest change in mobility compared with other policy types. Changes in mobility were in turn associated with changes in COVID-19 case growth. For example, a 10% decrease in time spent away from places of residence was associated with 11.8% (95% CI: 3.8%, 19.1%) fewer new COVID-19 cases. Discussion This comprehensive evaluation across Europe suggests that mandatory stay-at-home orders and workplace closures had the largest impacts on population mobility and subsequent COVID-19 cases at the onset of the pandemic. With a better understanding of policies’ relative performance, countries can more effectively invest in, and target, early nonpharmacological interventions.

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic On Accidental Ingestions In Children: Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Sadeq ◽  
Entesar H Husain ◽  
Farah Almutawa ◽  
Wafa’a Al-Qabandi ◽  
Talal AlSaleem
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Accidental Ingestion ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

Abstract BackgroundCoronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic on March 2020. Several measures have been attempted to contain the spread of the virus including school closures and lockdown. These measures have resulted in children staying at home with potential hazard exposure such as accidental drug or foreign body ingestions. In this study, we want to investigate the impact of COVID-19-related measures on admissions of children with accidental foreign body or drug ingestion. Methods All accidental ingestion admissions to pediatric wards at Al-Amiri hospital during the pandemic from March 2020 till February 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. They were compared with admission data from the pre-pandemic period from March 2019 till February 2020. Results There were 90 admission with accidental ingestion during the Pandemic compared to 138 admissions in the pre pandemic period. The mean age of admission during non-COVID-19 period was 3.9 ± 2.6 years, and 4.1 ± 2.9 years during pandemic period. The most common cause of accidental ingestion in children in both periods was medication ingestion. Coin ingestion was the second common cause during the pandemic compared to detergent in the pre-pandemic period. ConclusionsDespite children’s stay at home during COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in hospitalization with accidental ingestion. This emphasizes the significance of family availability and constant observation of children at home as an important safety measure.

scholarly journals Impact of policy interventions and social distancing on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nickolas Dreher ◽  
Zachary Spiera ◽  
Fiona M. McAuley ◽  
Lindsey Kuohn ◽  
John R. Durbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Doubling Time ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

AbstractBackgroundPolicymakers have employed various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as stay-at-home orders and school closures to limit the spread of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, these measures are not without cost, and careful analysis is critical to quantify their impact on disease spread and guide future initiatives. This study aims to measure the impact of NPIs on the effective reproductive number (Rt) and other COVID-19 outcomes in U.S. states.MethodsIn order to standardize the stage of disease spread in each state, this study analyzes the weeks immediately after each state reached 500 cases. The primary outcomes were average Rt in the week following 500 cases and doubling time from 500 to 1000 cases. Linear and logistic regressions were performed in R to assess the impact of various NPIs while controlling for population density, GDP, and certain health metrics. This analysis was repeated for deaths with doubling time from 50 to 100 deaths and included several healthcare infrastructure control variables.ResultsStates that had a stay-at-home order in place at the time of their 500th case are associated with lower average Rt the following week compared to states without a stay-at-home order (p < 0.001) and are significantly less likely to have an Rt>1 (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.37, p = 0.004). These states also experienced a significantly longer doubling time from 500 to 1000 cases (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.72, p = 0.004). States in the highest quartile of average time spent at home were also slower to reach 1000 cases than those in the lowest quartile (HR 0.18, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.53, p = 0.002).DiscussionFew studies have analyzed the effect of statewide stay-at-home orders, school closures, and other social distancing measures in the U.S., which has faced the largest COVID-19 case burden. States with stay-at-home orders have a 93% decrease in the odds of having a positive Rt at a standardized point in disease burden. States that plan to scale back such measures should carefully monitor transmission metrics.

scholarly journals 674 Changes in Objectively-Measured Adolescent Sleep and Light Exposure During the COVID-19 Pandemic

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A263-A264
Author(s):  
Stacey Simon ◽  
Celine Vetter ◽  
Larissa Hunt ◽  
Anne Bowen ◽  
Corey Rynders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Home Monitoring ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
School Students ◽  
Start Time ◽  
School Closures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

Abstract Introduction U.S. adolescents have high rates of insufficient sleep. School closures and stay-at-home orders were implemented to mitigate disease spread during the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Without the restriction of imposed early school start times, we hypothesized that adolescents would have longer, later, and less variable sleep compared to pre-COVID-19. We further hypothesized these changes would be associated with increased and later light exposure. Methods High school students age 14–19 years with &lt;7h sleep on school nights completed two weeks of at-home monitoring. The Pre-COVID-19 week took place between October 2018-February 2020 and the COVID-19 week occurred in May 2020 during state-wide stay-at-home orders. Participants wore an accelerometer to assess sleep and light exposure while completing a concurrent sleep log. Paired-samples t-tests examined differences in sleep and light between Pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19. Pearson correlations assessed associations between change in sleep and change in light. Results Participants (N=16) were 16.5 ±1.2-years-old at Pre-COVID-19, 70.6% female, 68.8% White, and 25.1% Hispanic. Youth were participating in online learning due to in-person school closures and only 2 participants (14.3%) had a set start time, while the remainder reported learning per their own schedule. Youth obtained approximately one hour more weekday sleep per night during the COVID-19 week compared to Pre-COVID-19 (p&lt;0.001). Bed and waketimes were significantly delayed on weekdays and weekends during COVID-19 compared to Pre-COVID-19 (p&lt; 0.01). The greatest change was a delay in weekday waketime of 2.9□0.9h (p&lt;0.001). Social jetlag during COVID-19 was reduced by 1/3 compared to Pre-COVID-19 (p=0.02). Average 24h lux levels were 2.5x higher during the COVID-19 week compared to Pre- COVID-19 (p=0.008). Change in average lux and timing of light were not significantly associated with change in sleep duration or timing. Conclusion An unintended effect of the switch to online learning may have been affording adolescents the opportunity to obtain longer and more regular sleep. Understanding the impact of these changed sleep behaviors on daytime functioning, academic performance, and health outcomes is particularly urgent as schools plan for the remainder of the academic year and eventual return to in-person learning. Support (if any) K23DK117021 to SLS

Impact of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol on COVID-19 case-fatality rate reduction in Algeria. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Youssef Kada
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Protocol ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 is an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis caused by new coronavirus SARS CoV 2. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Hubei province (China) reported cases of pneumonia, the origin of which is a new coronavirus. Rapidly extendable around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) declares it pandemic on March 11, 2020. This pandemic reaches Algeria on February 25, 2020, date on which the Algerian minister of health, announced the first case of Covid-19, a foreign citizen. From March 1, a cluster is formed in Blida and becomes the epicentre of the coronavirus epidemic in Algeria, its total quarantine is established on March 24, 2020, it will be smoothly alleviated on April 24. A therapeutic protocol based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was put in place on March 23, for complicated cases, it was extended to all the cases confirmed on April 06. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol in Algeria, in particular after its extension to all patients diagnosed COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR test. We were able to illustrate this fact graphically, but not to prove it statistically because the design of our study, indeed in the 7 days which followed generalization of therapeutic protocol, case fatality rate decrease and doubling time increase, thus confirming the impact of wide and early prescription of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol. METHODS We have analyzed the data collected from press releases and follow-ups published daily by the Ministry of Health, we have studied the possible correlations of these data with certain events or decisions having a possible impact on their development, such as confinement at home and its reduction, the prescription of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination for serious patients and its extension to all positive COVID subjects. Results are presented in graphics, the data collection was closed on 31/05/2020. RESULTS Covid-19 pandemic spreads from February 25, 2020, when a foreign citizen is tested positive, on March 1 a cluster is formed in the city of Blida where sixteen members of the same family are infected during a wedding party. Wilaya of Blida becomes the epicentre of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria and lockdown measures taken, while the number of national cases diagnosed begins to increases In any event, the association of early containment measures combined with a generalized initial treatment for all positive cases, whatever their degree of severity, will have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate of COVID 19 and a slowing down of its doubling time. CONCLUSIONS In Algeria, the rapid combination of rigorous containment measure at home and early generalized treatment with hydroxychloroquin have demonstrated their effectiveness in terms of morbidity and mortality, the classic measures of social distancing and hygiene will make it possible to perpetuate these results by reducing viral transmission, the only unknown, the reopening procedure which can only be started after being surrounded by precautions aimed at ensuring the understanding of the population. CLINICALTRIAL Algeria, Covid-19, pandemic, hydroxychloroquin, azithromycin, case fatality rate

scholarly journals A global analysis of the impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions on crime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Nivette ◽  
Renee Zahnow ◽  
Raul Aguilar ◽  
Andri Ahven ◽  
Shai Amram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Urban Crime ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

AbstractThe stay-at-home restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19 led to unparalleled sudden change in daily life, but it is unclear how they affected urban crime globally. We collected data on daily counts of crime in 27 cities across 23 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. We conducted interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of stay-at-home restrictions on different types of crime in each city. Our findings show that the stay-at-home policies were associated with a considerable drop in urban crime, but with substantial variation across cities and types of crime. Meta-regression results showed that more stringent restrictions over movement in public space were predictive of larger declines in crime.

Using an App to monitor postoperative pain at home in pediatric patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 136749352091931
Author(s):  
Emanuela Tiozzo ◽  
Valentina Biagioli ◽  
Matilde Brancaccio ◽  
Riccardo Ricci ◽  
Anna Marchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Prospective Comparative Study ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

A prospective comparative study was conducted in 487 pediatric patients (69% male, mean age = 6.4 ± 4.0) to evaluate (a) the incidence, intensity, and characteristics of pain in pediatric patients at home during the first 24 hours and 5 days after surgery and (b) the factors associated with higher pain intensity, including the impact of an application (App) compared to the paper-and-pencil approach. Postoperative pain was assessed by patients or their parents at home using the ‘Bambino Gesù’ Children’s Hospital (Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, OPBG) tool for participants aged 4–17 years or the Faces, Legs, Arms, Cry, and Consolability scale for participants less than four years old. Participants were assigned to two groups: those who used the paper-and-pencil version of the pain scale and those who used the App. Overall, 209 of the 472 (44%) participants reported pain during the first 24 hours, and 92 of the 420 (22%) reported pain between one and five days after surgery. Higher pain intensity scores were associated with being in the App group, directly assessing own pain, and using the OPBG tool. The App was effective in facilitating pain assessment. Health professionals could empower pediatric patients and their parents in assessing pain at home through a dedicated App.

scholarly journals Home Production and Leisure during the COVID-19 Recession

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Leukhina ◽  
Zhixiu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Production Activity ◽  
Married Individuals ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Between the months of February and April of 2020, average weekly market hours in the U.S. dropped by 6.25, meanwhile 36% of workers reported switching to remote work arrangements. In this paper, we examine implications of these changes for the time allocation of different households, and on aggregate. We estimate that home production activity increased by 2.65 h a week, or 42.4% of lost market hours, due to the drop in market work and rise in remote work. The monthly value of home production increased by $39.65 billion – that is 13.55% of the concurrent $292.61 billion drop in monthly GDP. Although market hours declined the most for single, less educated individuals, the lost market hours were absorbed into home production the most by married individuals with children. Adding on the impact of school closures, our estimate of weekly home production hours increases by as much as 4.92 h. The increase in the value of monthly home production between February and April updates to $73.57 billion. We also report the estimated impact of labor markets and telecommuting on home production for each month in 2020.

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