scholarly journals Proneural Genes Define Ground State Rules to Regulate Neurogenic Patterning and Cortical Folding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sisu Han ◽  
Grey Wilkinson ◽  
Satoshi Okawa ◽  
Lata Adnani ◽  
Rajiv Dixit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Proneural Genes

scholarly journals Proneural genes define ground-state rules to regulate neurogenic patterning and cortical folding

Neuron ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sisu Han ◽  
Satoshi Okawa ◽  
Grey Atteridge Wilkinson ◽  
Hussein Ghazale ◽  
Lata Adnani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Proneural Genes

scholarly journals Proneural genes define ground state rules to regulate neurogenic patterning and cortical folding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sisu Han ◽  
Grey A Wilkinson ◽  
Satoshi Okawa ◽  
Lata Adnani ◽  
Rajiv Dixit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Proneural Genes ◽  
Germinal Zone ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Notch Ligands ◽  
Cortical Progenitor

SUMMARYTransition from smooth, lissencephalic brains to highly-folded, gyrencephalic structures is associated with neuronal expansion and breaks in neurogenic symmetry. Here we show that Neurog2 and Ascl1 proneural genes regulate cortical progenitor cell differentiation through cross-repressive interactions to sustain neurogenic continuity in a lissencephalic rodent brain. Using in vivo lineage tracing, we found that Neurog2 and Ascl1 expression defines a lineage continuum of four progenitor pools, with ‘double+ progenitors’ displaying several unique features (least lineage-restricted, complex gene regulatory network, G2 pausing). Strikingly, selective killing of double+ progenitors using split-Cre;Rosa-DTA transgenics breaks neurogenic symmetry by locally disrupting Notch signaling, leading to cortical folding. Finally, consistent with NEUROG2 and ASCL1 driving discontinuous neurogenesis and folding in gyrencephalic species, their transcripts are modular in folded macaque cortices and pseudo-folded human cerebral organoids. Neurog2/Ascl1 double+ progenitors are thus Notch-ligand expressing ‘niche’ cells that control neurogenic periodicity to determine cortical gyrification.HIGHLIGHTSNeurog2 and Ascl1 expression defines four distinct transitional progenitor statesDouble+ NPCs are transcriptionally complex and mark a lineage branch pointDouble+ NPCs control neurogenic patterning and cortical folding via Notch signalingNeurog2 and Ascl1 expression is modular in folded and not lissencephalic corticeseTOC BLURBEmergence of a gyrencephalic cortex is associated with a break in neurogenic continuity across the cortical germinal zone. Han et al. identify a pool of unbiased neural progenitors at a lineage bifurcation point that co-express Neurog2 and Ascl1 and produce Notch ligands to control neurogenic periodicity and cortical folding.

Renilla Bioluminescence: A Morphologic Approach to the Location of Photocytes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Ben O. Spurlock ◽  
Milton J. Cormier
Keyword(s):  
Excited State ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Chemical Basis ◽  
Electronic Excited State ◽  
Colonial Form ◽  
The Common ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Catalyzed Oxidation

The phenomenon of bioluminescence has fascinated layman and scientist alike for many centuries. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a number of observations were reported on the physiology of bioluminescence in Renilla, the common sea pansy. More recently biochemists have directed their attention to the molecular basis of luminosity in this colonial form. These studies have centered primarily on defining the chemical basis for bioluminescence and its control. It is now established that bioluminescence in Renilla arises due to the luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of luciferin. This results in the creation of a product (oxyluciferin) in an electronic excited state. The transition of oxyluciferin from its excited state to the ground state leads to light emission.

The ground state energy of the ±J spin glass from the genetic algorithm

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1281-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sutton ◽  
D. L. Hunter ◽  
N. Jan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Spin Glass ◽  
Ground State Energy ◽  
Ground State ◽  
State Energy

Ground State and Excited State H-Atom Temperatures in a Microwave Plasma Diamond Deposition Reactor

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 1167-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gicquel ◽  
M. Chenevier ◽  
Y. Breton ◽  
M. Petiau ◽  
J. P. Booth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Excited State ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Microwave Plasma ◽  
Diamond Deposition
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