Outside Options, Job Mobility, and Gender: Evidence from Divorce Laws

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hatamyar
Keyword(s):  
Job Mobility ◽  
Outside Options ◽  
Divorce Laws ◽  
And Gender

JOB MOBILITY AND GENDER-BASED WAGE GROWTH DIFFERENTIALS

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRISTEN KEITH ◽  
ABAGAIL MCWILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Wage Growth ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Russia’s Job Mobility and Its Rewards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Privalko
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Women ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Job Characteristics ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
And Gender

This article considers age and gender differences in the probability and consequences of job mobility; specifically firm exits and promotions in Russia. Russia's labour market should have high rates of job mobility, but we will show using IMF figures that the rate between 2011 and 2015 is on par with the 1980's. Beyond this, little is known about who is mobile and whether mobility has any impact on wages once the characteristics of movers are controlled for. In other words, we will ask whether job mobility is a sorting mechanism, or whether it has premiums in pay in and of itself. Results show a gender difference in the likelihood of firm exit but not in the likelihood of promotion. When several personal and job characteristics are held constant, young men and women have similar odds of promotion. However, promotions have a positive effect only on the wages of young women; young men's wages are not affected. On the topic of firm exits, when several personal and job characteristics are held constant, exit is more common among young men when compared to young women; this is also true of middle aged men and women. Further, young men see a significant decrease in wages following an exit, while young women are not affected by exit. These results are flipped for middle aged workers; middle aged men see no change in wages following an exit, but middle aged women see significant declines in wages following an exit. Using these results, the article shows that the early stages of a respondent's career are marked by periods of high mobility, which is similar to the experience of young workers in other countries. After this period, mobility becomes increasingly unlikely. Part of this result could stem from the premiums tied to promotion. Results help to understand processes of inequality in wages and conditions that occur due to sorting, and the importance of promotions (internal job changes with the same employer) as 'life chances' which improve earnings in the immediate sense. Gender differences in securing these life chances help to understand wider gender gaps in earnings, which emerge later.

feminine, masculine vocabulary is rarely questioned, yet its usage creates expectations that determine male as the norm, female as the secondary. Verbal descriptions of sex and gender construct, not merely describe. Such construction of belief can be found transmitted through dictionaries. When defining ‘manly’ Webster’s Dictionary says that manly means: …having qualities appropriate to a man: open in conduct bold resolute not effeminate or timorous gallant brave undaunted drinks beer. [Give me a break!!!] For ‘womanly’ one finds: …marked by qualities characteristic of a woman, belonging to attitudes of a woman not a man. Female is defined by the negative of the other, of the male. In this way, sexism pervades the ‘objective’ nature of the dictionary, subordinating the female to the male. Sexist language pervades a range of sacred texts and legal texts and processes. Religion can be and is one of the most powerful ideologies operating within society, and many religions and religious groupings are hierarchically male oriented. The law maintains that the male term encompasses the female. Many religions maintain that man is made in the image of God; woman in the image of man. The female is once removed in both law and religion. Even in the 19th century, English law continued to maintain that the Christian cleaving of male and female meant the subjugation of the female and the loss of her property and identity to the male. English family law was based upon Christian attitudes to family and accounted for the late introduction of flexible divorce laws in the 1950s. Both law and Christianity reflect a dualism in Western society. The power of language is illustrated here. A pervasive sexism is made possible and manifest through language which, therefore, easily carries discrimination. So far, the discussion has centred on the construction of the world by, and through, language as written word. There are different ways of speaking and writing. People use the modes of speaking and writing experience and education notes as the most appropriate. However, language exerts power, too, through a hierarchy given to ‘ways of speaking’; through a hierarchy based on accent as well as choice of, or access to, vocabulary. People often change the way they speak, their accent and/or vocabulary. Such change may be from the informality of family communication to the formality of work. It may be to ‘fit in’: the artificial playing with ‘upper class’, ‘middle class’, ‘working class’, ‘northern’ or ‘Irish’ accents. Sometimes presentation to a person perceived by the speaker as important may occasion an accent and even a vocabulary change. Speakers wish to be thought well of. Therefore, they address the other in the way it is thought that the other wishes or expects to be addressed.

2012 ◽  
pp. 25-25
Keyword(s):  
Image Of God ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Divorce Laws ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Written Word ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Image Of God ◽  
The Way

Health Insurance and Job Mobility: Theoryand Evidence

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Monheit ◽  
Philip F. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
Welfare Loss ◽  
Insurance Markets ◽  
Health Insurance Markets ◽  
Job Lock ◽  
And Gender

It is widely hypothesized that health insurance deters job mobility because of imperfections in the labor and health insurance markets. This paper describes the nature of the welfare loss attributable to such “job-lock” and reviews several studies that empirically test the job-lock hypothesis. The authors find that estimates of the magnitude and importance of job-lock vary. Studies that support the job-lock hypothesis typically report a 20% to 40% reduction in mobility rates, depending on worker marital status and gender. Their own estimates suggest that although job-lock is present in the labor market, the proportion of workers affected and the magnitude of the welfare loss are less than generally supposed.

scholarly journals Job Mobility, Tenure, and Promotions in Political Science PhD-Granting Departments, 2002–2017: Cohort, Gender, and Citation-Count Effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-690
Author(s):  
Hannah June Kim ◽  
Bernard Grofman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Citation Count ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Citation Counts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTUsing updated data from 2002 and 2017 on the political science discipline, we show how the cohort and gender composition of US PhD-granting departments has changed dramatically over time. Integrating 2002 and 2017 data, we examine overall patterns and gender differences in job mobility, tenure and promotion, and university prestige level among non-emeritus 2002 faculty, controlling for cohort effects. Even with this control, we find strong gender effects in some of these success dimensions. We then introduce another variable, citation counts, and find that women are consistently less cited than men, with important variations in the pattern across different cohorts. A control for citation counts show that some of these gender differences tend to disappear and we consider possible explanations for these findings.

Freedom to Divorce or Protection of Marriage? The Divorce Laws in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in the Early Twentieth Century

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Le Bouteillec ◽  
Zara Bersbo ◽  
Patrick Festy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Marriage Patterns ◽  
Divorce Laws ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
And Gender

In the period 1909—1927, new laws concerning divorce and marriage were enacted by the Scandinavian countries. Both at the time and more recently, these laws were considered as ‘‘liberal’’ as they promoted greater freedom to divorce based on individuality and gender equality. In this article, the authors first analyze the changes in these Family laws in the early twentieth century. Then, the authors study the effect of these laws on divorce and marriage patterns. As these laws did not modify the trend in divorce rates, the authors ask why this was the case. The authors’ conclusions are that the laws were more concerned with preserving the sanctity of marriage and maintaining social order than with promoting individual freedom and gender equality.

Legal Change and Gender Inequality: Changes in Muslim Family Law in India

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 631-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendra Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Legal Mobilization ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Divorce Laws ◽  
Cultural Accommodation ◽  
And Gender

Group-specific family laws are said to provide women fewer rights and impede policy change. India's family law systems specific to religious groups underwent important gender-equalizing changes over the last generation. The changes in the laws of the religious minorities were unexpected, as conservative elites had considerable indirect influence over these laws. Policy elites changed minority law only if they found credible justification for change in group laws, group norms, and group initiatives, not only in constitutional rights and transnational human rights law. Muslim alimony and divorce laws were changed on this basis, giving women more rights without abandoning cultural accommodation. Legal mobilization and the outlook of policy makers—specifically their approach to regulating family life, their understanding of group norms, and their normative vision of family life—shaped the major changes in Indian Muslim law. More gender-equalizing legal changes are possible based on the same sources.

Self-Compassion and Quality of Life in Adults Who Stutter

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2097-2108
Author(s):  
Robyn L. Croft ◽  
Courtney T. Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify levels of self-compassion in adults who do and do not stutter and to determine whether self-compassion predicts the impact of stuttering on quality of life in adults who stutter. Method Participants included 140 adults who do and do not stutter matched for age and gender. All participants completed the Self-Compassion Scale. Adults who stutter also completed the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering. Data were analyzed for self-compassion differences between and within adults who do and do not stutter and to predict self-compassion on quality of life in adults who stutter. Results Adults who do and do not stutter exhibited no significant differences in total self-compassion, regardless of participant gender. A simple linear regression of the total self-compassion score and total Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering score showed a significant, negative linear relationship of self-compassion predicting the impact of stuttering on quality of life. Conclusions Data suggest that higher levels of self-kindness, mindfulness, and social connectedness (i.e., self-compassion) are related to reduced negative reactions to stuttering, an increased participation in daily communication situations, and an improved overall quality of life. Future research should replicate current findings and identify moderators of the self-compassion–quality of life relationship.

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