The Third Nature of Homo Sapiens — Philosophical Framework Under the Paradigm of Natural Science

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIHAO YUAN ◽  
HAIDAN YUAN
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
The Third ◽  
Philosophical Framework

1. Retrospect of Mental Philosophy

1883 ◽  
Vol 29 (125) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
B. F. C. Costelloe
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Philosophical Position ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Personal Character ◽  
Ethical Work ◽  
Religious Problems

During the long period embraced in the present Retrospect, the most important incident that has happened in the philosophical circles of this country is the death of Professor T. H. Green, of Oxford—a man who for many years had been silently acquiring, not only by his power of thinking but by his strong and blameless personal character, a marked position and a unique influence among the leaders of thought in England. His philosophical position would perhaps best be defined by saying that he became the chief of that small, but notable, band of speculative students, centred mainly in Oxford, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, who are reviving the spirit of the systems of Kant and Hegel, in its application to the new scientific, political, and religious problems of the day. His distinguishing characteristics were his modesty and his earnest sense of duty—qualities perhaps not so conspicuous as they might be amongst the better known of modern psychologists. His modesty was such that he never assumed that he had mastered the secret of any writer, until he had bestowed the most extravagant labour and thought in exploring difficulties and obscurities on which the man himself had probably never bestowed a second thought. His earnestness was so thorough that he believed it to be merely his duty to struggle with the fundamental questions of the Sphinx of modern criticism, and find for himself and others not a negative but a constructive answer, no matter what toil and trouble it might cost. For he held that those who contribute, as we all in some way do, to the formation of public opinion upon the vital subjects of life and conduct, are under a terrible responsibility if they mislead their neighbours, or even if they refuse by sloth or vanity or cynicism that healthy guidance which their own attainments would enable them to give. These remarks are suggested by the fact that the first article of the April number of “Mind” is from Prof. Green's pen. Indeed it is one of the last pieces of work he ever personally sent to press; although we are glad to know that the groat Ethical work on which he had long been engaged is left with his philosophical friends in so complete a form that it will be published immediately. The April article is the second of three essays on the question, “Can there be a natural science of man?” of which the third holds the leading place in the July number. The scope of the essays, as well as of the “Prolegomena to Ethics,” to which they were in a sense introductory, will be best indicated if we quote a note added in the July number by Prof. Green's literary executor, Mr. A. C. Bradley.

scholarly journals The educational aspects of ethics

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Probucka
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Case

Abstract The purpose of my article is to show the importance of normative ethics for the education of young people in three areas: individual, social and natural. In the first case, ethics answers the question how we should treat ourselves. Thus, it teaches responsibility for oneself, for one’s life and individual development. In the second case, ethics answers the question how we should treat other people in order to minimize the risk of harming them. Thus, it teaches responsibility to other members of society. In the third case, normative ethics reminds us of moral obligations towards non-human beings, stressing that suffering has an interspecies character, and doesn’t pertain only to representatives of Homo sapiens.

scholarly journals Evolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern cultures?

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1567) ◽  
pp. 1060-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco d'Errico ◽  
Chris B. Stringer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Modern Cognition ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

Crucial questions in the debate on the origin of quintessential human behaviours are whether modern cognition and associated innovations are unique to our species and whether they emerged abruptly, gradually or as the result of a discontinuous process. Three scenarios have been proposed to account for the origin of cultural modernity. The first argues that modern cognition is unique to our species and the consequence of a genetic mutation that took place approximately 50 ka in Africa among already evolved anatomically modern humans. The second posits that cultural modernity emerged gradually in Africa starting at least 200 ka in concert with the origin of our species on that continent. The third states that innovations indicative of modern cognition are not restricted to our species and appear and disappear in Africa and Eurasia between 200 and 40 ka before becoming fully consolidated. We evaluate these scenarios in the light of new evidence from Africa, Asia and Europe and explore the mechanisms that may have led to modern cultures. Such reflections will demonstrate the need for further inquiry into the relationship between climate and demographic/cultural change in order to better understand the mechanisms of cultural transmission at work in Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens populations.

Primordial Climate

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Zalasiewicz ◽  
Mark Williams
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Just Right

We are lucky, on Earth. We are lucky because we—as complex and self-aware organisms—are here. We are sustained, given air to breathe, and water, and food, by a very ancient planet: a planet past its midpoint, a planet that is nearer death than birth. Our species is a latecomer. It took some three billion years to bridge the gap from a single-celled organism (originating in this planet’s youth) to a multicellular one, and then a little over half a billion more to arrive at the diversity of species on Earth today, including Homo sapiens . In all this time, the chain of life has remained unbroken. The Earth has been consistently habitable, with an atmosphere, and land, and oceans. Since life began, our planet has never been truly deep-frozen, nor have the oceans boiled away. The Earth is the Goldilocks planet. One recalls, here, the children’s story, where the young heroine of that name walks into the house of the three bears, and in their absence tries out successively their bowls of porridge, their chairs, and their beds. Each time the first and second choices are too hot or cold, large or small, hard or soft—and the third choice is just right . The Earth has been, so far and all in all, just right for life: not just right at any one time, but continuously so for three billion years. There have, though, been some close calls: times of mass extinction. But, life has always clung on to bloom once more. That makes the Earth’s history more remarkable than any children’s story. Other planets have not been so lucky. Mars seems to have been a planet with an appreciable atmosphere, and—at least intermittently—running water over its surface, and may even have begun to incubate life. But the atmosphere was stripped away by the solar wind. Its early lakes and rivers became acid, charged with sulphates. Then, most of the water evaporated and was carried off into space; what little was left became locked away as permafrost and in thin ice-caps. Mars does have weather, including spectacular, planet-wide dust-storms.

Neutropenia during Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization with G-CSF

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 5835-5835
Author(s):  
Lezhong Yuan ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Qifa Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Routine Test ◽  
Guangzhou City ◽  
The Third ◽  
Blood Routine Test ◽  
Blood Routine

Abstract A 36-year-old female was referred to our hematology department for HSC donation by leukapheresis of peripheral blood after mobilization. On the first day she was informed of adverse events of HSC harvesting and then signed an agreement. She denied of having any severe or chronic disorders before. No abnormal signs are found in physical and laboratory examination. Laboratory data showed normal blood routine test (WBC 3.77X10E9/L, LYM 0.61X10E9/L NEU 1.68X10E9/L, HGB 128 g/L and PLT 174X10E9/L), negative test for HBV, HCV, HIV, Toxoplasmosis and Treponemapallidum. Quantitation of both cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA were <500 copies/mL. She was administrated with 300u G-CSF (FILGRASTIM, Kirin-Amgen) by subcutaneous injection at 16:00, then once a day in the morning. Norethisterone tablets were given 5000ug TID daily to delay the coming menstruation, which had been used routinely for many years safely for this purpose in our hospital, altogether total dose of Norethisterone tablets 30000ug in 48 hours. On the third day of G-CSF administration, blood routine test amazingly showed a sharply declined Neutrophilic Granulocyte count (NEU) of 0.54X10E9/L, reduced lymphocyte count (LYM) of 0.77X10E9/L and normal Monocyte count (MON) of 0.56X10E9/L, normal Hematoglobin (HGB) of 127 g/L and normal platelet count (PLT) of 150X10E9/L. She was diagnosed with Neutropenia. During re-inquiring for her medical history, she admitted that she was diagnosed with Adult Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD) when she was 18 y.o. which relapsed at 24. She was given aspirin and achieved remission of the symptoms. She denied any history of allergy. The donor did not complain about any symptoms and her body temperature was 36°C. Norethisterone tablets administration was stopped. At 16:00 of the third day, additional 300u G-CSF was administrated for Neutropenia. At 17:21, blood sample showed NEU 0.50X10E9/L, Agranulocytosis indicated, and an evaluated MON of 0.77X10E9/L; normal coagulation function, evaluated ESR of 31mm/h, slightly reduced complement 3 of 0.87 g/L (normal: 0.9 to 1.8 g/L) and evaluated total complement of 50.1 U/mL (normal: 23.0 to 46.0 U/mL) was showed; on the next day afternoon, strong positive (3+) test for anti-RO52 and negative test for ANA, anti-DS-DNA, anti-Jo-1, ANCA, anti-SS-A or anti-SS-B in autoimmune antibody was reported. Abdominal ultrasonography reported normal size of her liver and spleen. On the fourth day, 300u G-CSF was administrated the fifth time at 10:00. After that, blood sample was collected and showed WBC of 2.22X10E9/L, LYM of 0.86X10E9/L, NEU of 0.52X10E9/L, MON of 0.83X10E9/L, HGB of 133 g/L and PLT of 153X10E9/L. Bone marrow aspiration showed myeloid hyperplasia (-), hypoplasia and abnormal maturation in granule cell, left shift with toxic granulation. CD34+ cell ratio reported 1.4% (marrow) and 0.2% (peripheral blood), which revealed HSC mobilization was failed. On the fifth day, G-CSF was not administrated. Blood sample collected at 12:00, 26 hours after the last G-CSF administration, revealed WBC of 3.94X10E9/L, LYMX1.31 10E9/L, NEU 1.08 X10E9/L, MON 1.48X10E9/L, HGB of 125 g/L and PLT of 151X10E9/L. The donor seemed recovering from Neutropenia. At 12:00 on the sixth day, bone marrow was collected for transplantation. Blood routine test showed WBC of 4.03X10E9/L, LYM 0.84X10E9/L, NEU 2.38X10E9/L, MON 0.78X10E9/L, HGB of 94 g/L and PLT of 129X10E9/L. We described a HSC donor with AOSD history who developed Neutropenia subsequent to subcutaneous injection of G-SCF and recovered in 2 days after the last administration. Neutropenia caused by Norethisterone tablets was not common and we didn’t find any report that combined medication of norethisterone tablets and G-CSF would cause neutropenia. The donor didn’t complain any symptoms and we couldn’t find any typical signs in the process, which indicated Neutropenia might be unrelated with infection or allergy. It may be the first case of this situation, we have not yet confirmed the cause of her Neutropenia. We preserved samples of blood and marrow aspiration under the donor’s consent and we will have further research and follow-up with this case. Disclosures Liu: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81270647, 81300445, 81200388): Research Funding; National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2011AA020105): Research Funding; National Public Health Grand Research Foundation (201202017): Research Funding; Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (S2012010009299): Research Funding; the project of health collaborative innovation of Guangzhou city (201400000003-4, 201400000003-1): Research Funding; the Technology Plan of Guangdong Province of China (2012B031800403): Research Funding; the project of the Zhujiang Science & Technology Star of Guangzhou city (2013027): Research Funding.

scholarly journals The Problem of Transition in Kant’s Opus Postumum

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
İsmail Serin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Metaphysical Foundation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transition Problem ◽  
Philosophical Debates ◽  
Opus Postumum

In this paper, I try to reveal the nature of the transition problem in Kant’s Opus Postumum. Scientific developments in eighteenth century, particularly the ones in chemistry, forces philosophers to re-evaluate the role of scientific findings in the philosophical debates. In addition to these crucial developments, we observe that the a prioricity for Kant primarily depends on the physical nature of the matter which implies moving forces, but the developments in chemistry add a new dimension to the problem. Once again, Kant, after the publication of the third Critique, starts to think about the possibility of a transition from The Metaphysical Foundation of Natural Science to physics. If we succeed to construct a proper transition, we not only save the sciences from being just aggregation of the empirical data, but we may fill the gap between the knowledge about the matter and the nature as a whole.

TOO MUCH THEOLOGY: A TEXTUAL PROBLEM IN OLYMPIODORUS' PROLEGOMENA 9.10-12 AND ITS SOLUTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 825-828
Author(s):  
S.R.P. Gertz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Philosophical Education ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Standard List

In the Neoplatonic schools, introductions to logic, and the Categories in particular, would begin with a list of ten different questions relating to Aristotle's philosophy and his ideal interpreter and student. Olympiodorus' own introduction to logic (the Prolegomena) follows this pattern; he expands on the remarks of his own teacher Ammonius of Alexandria, and closely models his discussion on his predecessor's work. In the standard list of ten questions that must be discussed in an introductory philosophy course, the third relates to the subject with which the student is to start his or her philosophical education. Which of logic, ethics, natural science and mathematics is the proper starting-point for philosophy?

scholarly journals Gender Effect on Harnessing Social Capital

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shani Akirov
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
Human Race ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Homo ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Third World ◽  
First World

“Is it a boy or a girl?”The above is typically the first question asked of a new-born baby. Across the diversity ofhuman societies – from the third world to the first world, conservative to liberal, religious tosecular – the question of gender arises at the very beginning of life and plays a central rolethroughout. Human experiences and perspectives, the way they relate to each other and theexpectations society places upon them – all are shaped by this accident of birth.If humans are a gendered species, they are also a social one. While modern technologycontinuously provides new tools for socialising and building networks, humanity remains asgendered as the early homo sapiens at the dawn of the human race or, if one prefers, as Adamand Eve. Clearly, these two facets of humanity – its gendered nature and its social nature –interact with and influence one another on multiple levels.

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