Development and Initial Validation of an Empirical Ordinary Observer Test for Design Patent Infringement

High-technology companies that have brought innovation to the market also use their innovation to claim their intellectual property rights around the world. In 2011, Apple Inc. started to claim its design patent over Samsung Electronics Company in the Unites States (US) court and the disputes then expanded to more than 50 lawsuits in numerous courts around the world, and became a design patent war. The amount of damages in a US verdict was the largest design patent infringement jury award of all time—US$ 1.05 billion, the amount by which most companies would become bankrupt by a single infringement. A design patent war like Apple versus Samsung lawsuits showed that design patent has seized centre stage of modern battle. In addition, it signified that any company must seriously incorporate design patent issue into its intellectual property portfolio. The dispute also revealed an interesting unclear boundary of design infringement that could impact the level of legal risk for every related industry.

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The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000093 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 5-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Elise S. Dan-Glauser ◽

Klaus R. Scherer

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Well Being ◽

French Translation ◽

French Version ◽

Inappropriate Behaviors ◽

Initial Validation ◽

Difficulties In Emotion Regulation ◽

Instrument Measuring ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Psychopathological Disorders

Successful emotion regulation is a key aspect of efficient social functioning and personal well-being. Difficulties in emotion regulation lead to relationship impairments and are presumed to be involved in the onset and maintenance of some psychopathological disorders as well as inappropriate behaviors. Gratz and Roemer (2004 ) developed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), a comprehensive instrument measuring emotion regulation problems that encompasses several dimensions on which difficulties can occur. The aim of the present work was to develop a French translation of this scale and to provide an initial validation of this instrument. The French version was created using translation and backtranslation procedures and was tested on 455 healthy students. Congruence between the original and the translated scales was .98 (Tucker’s phi) and internal consistency of the translation reached .92 (Cronbach’s α). Moreover, test-retest scores were highly correlated. Altogether, the initial validation of the French version of the DERS (DERS-F) offers satisfactory results and permits the use of this instrument to map difficulties in emotion regulation in both clinical and research contexts.

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