Cardiotoxic Drugs: Classification of Adverse Reactions and Mechanisms of Action

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polina Mamoshina ◽  
Blanca Rodriguez ◽  
Alfonso Bueno-Orovio
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action

scholarly journals Antiarrhythmic drugs: mechanisms of action, clinical effects, indications for use

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-90
Author(s):  
G. M. Solovyan ◽  
T. V. Mikhalieva
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Antiarrhythmic Drugs ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Trigger Activity ◽  
Impulse Formation ◽  
Indications For Use

The lecture is devoted to one of the most difficult problems of modern cardiology – the use of antiarrhythmic therapy in clinical practice. The basic mechanisms of arrhythmias, aspects of their onset, maintenance and termination are briefly described. The current evidence on the electrophysiological mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias – re-entry, abnormal impulse formation, and trigger activity – is presented. The article contains information about the remodeling of ion channels properties. The Sicilian gambit is analyzed, in which the mechanisms of arrhythmias are compared to the mechanisms of anti-arrhythmic action of drugs. Classification of anti-arrhythmic drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications and contraindications, side effects, and interaction with other drugs are presented.

Drug–drug interactions

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 226-233
Author(s):  
Jeffrey K. Aronson
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Protein Binding ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Cellular Distribution ◽  
Drug Infusion ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Interactions ◽  
Site Of Action

A drug interaction occurs when the effects of a drug are altered by the effects of another drug, a vaccine, herb, foodstuff, or device. In drug–drug interactions, a precipitant drug increases or reduces the effects of an object drug by pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, or pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Pharmaceutical interactions occur during intravenous drug infusion; they are avoidable by infusing drugs separately. Pharmacokinetic interactions can arise from altered absorption, protein binding, cellular distribution, metabolism, or excretion of an object drug. The last two mechanisms are the most important. Pharmacodynamic interactions can be direct (antagonism or synergism at the same site of action, or summation or synergism of similar effects at different sites) or indirect (when an outcome of an action of a precipitant drug alters the effects of an object drug). Some drug–drug interactions are beneficial, through combining drugs with different beneficial mechanisms of action or using drugs to reverse or prevent adverse reactions.

Non-genomic effects of spironolactone and eplerenone in cardiomyocytes of neonatal Wistar rats: do they evoke cardioprotective pathways?

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milla Marques Hermidorff ◽  
Gabriela de Oliveira Faria ◽  
Gabriela de Cassia Sousa Amâncio ◽  
Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis ◽  
Mauro César Isoldi
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
Proliferative Effect ◽  
Rapid Responses ◽  
Cardioprotective Effects ◽  
Camp And Cgmp

Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists of aldosterone (spironolactone and eplerenone) display beneficial effects in the treatment of cardiopathies; however, many of these responses are independent of this antagonism. The mechanisms of action of these drugs are not well known; few studies have comparatively evaluated whether eplerenone as well as spironolactone display cardioprotective effects independent of the blockade of aldosterone. To study these mechanisms, which lead to cardioprotective responses, and to evaluate comparatively their effects in vitro, we have evaluated the proliferative effect of spironolactone and eplerenone in primary culture of cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts of neonatal Wistar rats in the presence and absence of aldosterone. Spironolactone and eplerenone promoted proliferation of cardiomyocyte even in the absence of aldosterone, suggesting a signaling pathway independent of the antagonism over aldosterone. Spironolactone was able to reduce the proliferation of fibroblasts and to reverse the proliferation promoted by aldosterone, which was also displayed by eplerenone. To elucidate the biochemical pathways evoked by these drugs, we sought to analyze Ca2+, cAMP, and cGMP, and the activity of PKC and ERK1/2. Spironolactone and eplerenone increased the levels of Ca2+, cGMP and activity of ERK 1/2, and reversed the action of aldosterone on the activity of PKC and ERK1/2. Interestingly, only spironolactone increased the levels of cAMP. Our data support the fact that in addition to aldosterone, both spironolactone and eplerenone display rapid responses (non-genomic) such as an increase on cAMP, Ca2+, and cGMP by spironolactone, and Ca2+ and cGMP by eplerenone. We have observed a more consistent cardioprotection promoted by spironolactone; however, these effects have yet to be tested clinically. Therefore, our data show that these drugs do not only act as an antagonist of MR, but could lead to a new pharmacological classification of these drugs.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides in Gut Health: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Gong ◽  
Jie Fu ◽  
Lexuan Shi ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Xin Zong
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Damage Repair

Animal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), known as broad-spectrum and high-efficiency antibacterial activity, are important effector molecules in innate immune system. AMPs not only have antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor effects but also exhibit important effects in vivo, such as anti-inflammatory response, recruiting immune cells, promoting epithelial damage repair, and promoting phagocytosis of bacteria. However, research on the application of AMPs is incomplete and controversial. This review mainly introduces the classification of AMPs, biological functions, as well as the mechanisms of action, expression rules, and nutrition regulation from three perspectives, aiming to provide important information for the application of AMPs.

Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Wiffen ◽  
Marc Mitchell ◽  
Melanie Snelling ◽  
Nicola Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Significant Cost

Introduction to ADRs 14Classification of ADRs 15Adverse reactions: drug or disease? 16Helping patients understand the risk of ADRs 17Reporting ADRs 18Drug interactions 20Managing drug interactions 23Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), also known as ‘side effects’, ‘adverse drug events’, or ‘drug misadventures’, are a frequent cause of morbidity in hospital and the community. They have a significant cost both financially and in terms of quality of life. Few studies of ADRs have been carried out in the community so the effect on primary care is harder to assess, but studies in the hospital environment have shown the following. ...

Phytoestrogens in NAFLD: Potential Mechanisms of Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Erna Jia ◽  
Jian Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

AbstractMany studies have shown that estrogen has a protective effect on premenopausal women with metabolic disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Estrogen supplements may, at least in theory, prevent the development and progression of NAFLD, while the possibility of inducing cancer limits its application in practice. Phytoestrogen is extracted from plants, whose molecular structure and biological activity are similar to those of mammals' estrogen, therefore, could replace the role of estrogen and prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions to estrogen. This article reviews the published literature related to phytoestrogens and NAFLD as well as suggest the possible mechanisms that may underlie the association between phytoestrogens and NAFLD. It is hoped to provide basis for the treatment of NAFLD with phytoestrogen.

scholarly journals The Effects of Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Diseases

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Ciumărnean ◽  
Mircea Vasile Milaciu ◽  
Octavia Runcan ◽  
Ștefan Cristian Vesa ◽  
Andreea Liana Răchișan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Low Density Lipoproteins ◽  
The Other ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Multiple Signaling ◽  
Positive Effect

Flavonoids are metabolites of plants and fungus. Flavonoid research has been paid special attention to in recent times after the observation of their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. These favorable effects are exerted by flavonoids mainly due to their antioxidant properties, which result from the ability to decrease the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, thus improving the lipid profiles. The other positive effect exerted on the cardiovascular system is the ability of flavonoids to produce vasodilation and regulate the apoptotic processes in the endothelium. Researchers suggested that these effects, including their anti-inflammatory function, are consequences of flavonoids’ potent antioxidant properties, but recent studies have shown multiple signaling pathways linked to them, thus suggesting that there are more mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of the flavonoids on the human body. This review aims to present the latest data on the classification of these substances, their main mechanisms of action in the human body, and the beneficial effects on the physiological and pathological status of the cardiovascular system.

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