The Impact of High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes on Commuters: Field Evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Cohen ◽  
Avia Ratzon ◽  
Roy Sasson
Keyword(s):  
Field Evidence ◽  
High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes ◽  
The Impact

The role of impacts on Archaean tectonics

Geology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O’Neill ◽  
S. Marchi ◽  
W. Bottke ◽  
R. Fu
Keyword(s):  
System Response ◽  
Lithospheric Thickness ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Impact Flux ◽  
Impact Indicators ◽  
Tectonic System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pilbara Craton

Abstract Field evidence from the Pilbara craton (Australia) and Kaapvaal craton (South Africa) indicate that modern tectonic processes may have been operating at ca. 3.2 Ga, a time also associated with a high density of preserved Archaean impact indicators. Recent work has suggested a causative association between large impacts and tectonic processes for the Hadean. However, impact flux estimates and spherule bed characteristics suggest impactor diameters of <100 km at ca. 3.5 Ga, and it is unclear whether such impacts could perturb the global tectonic system. In this work, we develop numerical simulations of global tectonism with impacting effects, and simulate the evolution of these models throughout the Archaean for given impact fluxes. We demonstrate that moderate-size (∼70 km diameter) impactors are capable of initiating short-lived subduction, and that the system response is sensitive to impactor size, proximity to other impacts, and also lithospheric thickness gradients. Large lithospheric thickness gradients may have first appeared at ca. 3.5–3.2 Ga as cratonic roots, and we postulate an association between Earth’s thermal maturation, cratonic root stability, and the onset of widespread sporadic tectonism driven by the impact flux at this time.

Investigating the Impact of Tolls on High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes Using Managed Lanes

2009 ◽  
Vol 2099 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Burris ◽  
David H. Ungemah ◽  
Maneesh Mahlawat ◽  
Mandeep Singh Pannu
Keyword(s):  
Managed Lanes ◽  
High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes ◽  
The Impact

Reviewing the impact of metals and PAHs on macroinvertebrates in urban watercourses

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Beasley ◽  
Pauline Kneale
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ecological Integrity ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Sediment Chemistry ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
The Impact

Pollution-free stream water and sediments are crucial to support healthy stream flora and fauna, but urban surface runoff impairs water quality and leaves a legacy of pollution in the sediments. Pollution in sediments influences the development of macroinvertebrates, the lowest members of the food chain, leading to modification of the whole ecological structure. This review focuses on the sources and impacts of zinc, nickel, copper and oil derivative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminants on macroinvertebrates in urban streams. Land use, and the connectivity of the runoff and sediment are seen to have an effect on the ecological integrity of the watercourse but case examples are sparse. The literature indicates that while reduced species diversity has been identified at a number of sites the dynamics are neither well understood nor well modelled. The literature evidence is compared with field evidence from a study of 62 source areas in headwater catchments with residential, urban, industrial and motorway land uses. From the review and field results it is evident that there is still an important need for process-based field measurements of urban water quality parameters. It is suggested that forecasting the ecological status of watercourses would benefit from data on sediment chemistry and the interaction effects of metals and PAHs.

scholarly journals Observations of speciated isoprene nitrates in Beijing: implications for isoprene chemistry

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 6315-6330
Author(s):  
Claire E. Reeves ◽  
Graham P. Mills ◽  
Lisa K. Whalley ◽  
W. Joe F. Acton ◽  
William J. Bloss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Organic Nitrates ◽  
Isomer Ratio ◽  
Peroxy Radicals ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Isoprene Nitrates ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Isoprene is the most important biogenic volatile organic compound in the atmosphere. Its calculated impact on ozone (O3) is critically dependent on the model isoprene oxidation chemical scheme, in particular the way the isoprene-derived organic nitrates (IN) are treated. By combining gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, we have developed a system capable of separating and unambiguously measuring individual IN isomers. In this paper we use measurements from its first field deployment, which took place in Beijing as part of the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity programme, to test understanding of the isoprene chemistry as simulated in the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) (v.3.3.1). Seven individual isoprene nitrates were identified and quantified during the campaign: two β-hydroxy nitrates (IHN), four δ-carbonyl nitrates (ICN), and propanone nitrate. Our measurements show that in the summertime conditions experienced in Beijing the ratio of (1-OH, 2-ONO2)-IHN to (4-OH, 3-ONO2)-IHN (the numbers indicate the carbon atom in the isoprene chain to which the radical is added) increases at NO mixing ratios below 2 ppb. This provides observational field evidence of the redistribution of the peroxy radicals derived from OH oxidation of isoprene away from the kinetic ratio towards a new thermodynamic equilibrium consistent with box model calculations. The observed amounts of δ-ICN demonstrate the importance of daytime addition of NO3 to isoprene in Beijing but suggest that the predominant source of the δ-ICN in the model (reaction of NO with δ-nitrooxy peroxy radicals) may be too large. Our speciated measurements of the four δ-ICN exhibit a mean C1 : C4 isomer ratio of 1.4 and a mean trans : cis isomer ratio of 7 and provide insight into the isomeric distribution of the δ-nitrooxy peroxy radicals. Together our measurements and model results indicate that propanone nitrate was formed from the OH oxidation of δ-ICN both during the day and night, as well as from NO3 addition to propene at night. This study demonstrates the value of speciated IN measurements in testing understanding of the isoprene degradation chemistry and shows how more extensive measurements would provide greater constraints. It highlights areas of the isoprene chemistry that warrant further study, in particular the impact of NO on the formation of the IHN and the NO3-initiated isoprene degradation chemistry, as well as the need for further laboratory studies on the formation and the losses of IN, in particular via photolysis of δ-ICN and hydrolysis.

scholarly journals UAV-enabled reconnaissance and trajectory modeling of a co-seismic rockfall in Lefkada

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalampos Saroglou ◽  
Pavlos Asteriou ◽  
Dimitris Zekkos ◽  
George Tsiambaos ◽  
Marin Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Actual Trajectory

Abstract. The paper presents the field evidence and the kinematical study of the motion of a rock block mobilised by an earthquake-induced rockfall in Ponti area in the island of Lefkada during a Mw 6.5 earthquake on 17th November 2015. A detailed field survey was deployed using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with an ultra-high definition (UHD) camera, which produced a high-resolution orthophoto and a Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the terrain. The sequence of impact marks from the rock trajectory on the ground surface was identified using the orthophoto and verified through a detailed field survey. Additionally, the earthquake characteristics were determined in order to define the acceleration on the rock slope and the initial conditions of the detached block. Using the impact points from the actual rockfall trajectory, an analytical approach to reconstruct the trajectory was implemented, which led to some insights on the coefficients of restitution. In order to match the actual trajectory, 2D and 3D rockfall analyses were performed using the recommended set of parameters. However, the actual trajectory could not be accurately predicted, revealing limitations of existing models.

Nitrogen deposition and effects on European forests

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Erisman ◽  
W de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Soil Response ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
The Impact

Hypotheses about the impacts of elevated atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on the forest ecosystem include an increased sensitivity to natural stress, impacts on roots, reduced species diversity of the ground vegetation, reduced growth, and unbalanced nutritional status due to eutrophication and acidification. The impact of N deposition has gained in ecological importance during recent decades, in part due to the steady decline in S emissions. Results of throughfall and deposition measurements at 163 plots in Europe show that total deposition of S and N compounds ranged from 100 to 3000 mol ha–1 yr–1 in approximately 90% of the plots, but values up to 4000–8000 mol ha–1 yr–1 were also observed. Approximately 50% of the plots received N inputs, dominated by NH4, above 1000 mol ha–1 yr–1, which is a deposition level at which species diversity of the ground vegetation may be at risk. Results of input–output budgets for plots concentrated in Northern and Western Europe indicate that nitrate leaching starts to occur at throughfall inputs above 10 kg ha–1 yr–1, specifically in soils with C/N ratios in the humus layer below 25. Examples are given of field evidence for impacts of elevated N deposition, including elevated N contents in foliage and soil, Al release in soil response to increased nitrate concentrations, reduced shoot/root ratios, and a reduction in species diversity. Although knowledge about the response of forest ecosystems to N inputs has increased over the last decade, there is still a lack of information on the dynamics of N accumulation and related critical N loads in a range of environmental conditions. Furthermore, a European-wide perspective of N saturation in forest ecosystems is still lacking.Key words: nitrogen, deposition, input–output budgets, nitrogen status, forests, effects.

scholarly journals Makna Dan Motif Solidaritas Mercedes-Benz Club Bandung

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghema Ajis Saputra ◽  
Catur Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Community Research ◽  
Symbolic Communication ◽  
The People ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Club Membership ◽  
The Impact ◽  
External Community ◽  
Good Attitude ◽  
Fellow Member

During the research, the context of understanding as well as in point of focus in the minutely is the way society Mercedes-Benz Club Bandung represent a meaning and motives inside a attachment is a the community (automotive) and being affected as well as based on communication through symbols which is in shape and agreed on the interaction and daily life of the Mercedes-Benz Club Bandung community. In the discussion of the survey, researchers used with the approach phenomenology with contructivism paradigm, this context about a thing done by scientist is as the purpose of conducting by with analysis and withdrawal of meaning and chemical analysis with motives of symbolic communication to do something abaout community Mercedes-Benz Club Bandung in implying a meaning of “solidarity”. The process has been held by research by following a groove activities, daily activity, as well as any assembly or with schedule made by community. Research conducted by researchers by means of do something like making observation, interview at the field with several informants, and in-depth interview and pick up some field evidence through the actual shot and take a picture from field during the process activity by community. In this part from genereal community to Mercedes-Benz Club Bandung is an organization that have rules and regulation like another community in Indonesia. An explanation on this community specially to Mercedes-Benz Club Bandung formed by the same hobby, like have another people like in to automotive the basis and passion for love at automotive. Of the thing that the problem occurs meanings in this community the the problem occurs meanings arising from each of community member in the Mercedes-Benz Club Membership. In this parts about trough a process of solidarity in the form of motive and communication a solid passing symbols and in the midst of same perception with the union of the meaning of solidarity from activities of, interaction to a fellow member of a as well as the communities hit by effect of arising done by the community. Tag Line as well as community with vision and mission to Mercedes-Benz Club Bandung that is, “Proud-Loyalty-Fraternity” is one most of concrete manifestation and symbol with good attitude and interaction from in the community to internal from external community knew of the existence of that happened at community, one in which are a very positive and plain terms about the impact of to the people who can describe and evaluate the results of the thought which thinking from another people is in community from the surrounding to the Mercedes-Benz Club Bandung. 

scholarly journals Paleo-Drainage Network, Morphotectonics, and Fluvial Terraces: Clues from the Verde Stream in the Middle Sangro River (Central Italy)

Geosciences ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Miccadei ◽  
Cristiano Carabella ◽  
Giorgio Paglia ◽  
Tommaso Piacentini
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
General Setting ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
Fluvial Terraces ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Impact

This work analyzes the role of paleo-drainage network, morphotectonics, and surface processes in landscape evolution in a sector of the transition zone between the chain and the piedmont area of Central Apennines. Particularly, it focuses on the Verde Stream, a tributary of the middle Sangro River valley, which flows in the southeastern Abruzzo area at the boundary with the Molise region. The Verde Stream was investigated through a drainage basin scale geomorphological analysis incorporating the morphometry of the orography and hydrography, structural geomorphological field mapping, and the investigation of morphological field evidence of tectonics with their statistical azimuthal distributions. The local data obtained were compared with the analysis of the middle Sangro River valley and the tectonic features of the Abruzzo–Molise area. This approach led us to also provide relevant clues about the definition of the role of karst features and paleo-landscapes in the general setting of the study area and to identify the impact of active tectonics, confirmed by recent and active seismicity. In conclusion, the paper contributes to defining the main stages of the geomorphological evolution of this area, driven by uplift and local tectonics and due to a combination of fluvial, karst, and landslide processes.

scholarly journals Sedimentary environment and provenance of sandstones from the Qadir member in the Nayband Formation, Tabas block, east-central Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. A140920
Author(s):  
Ehsan Zamaniyan ◽  
Mohammad Khanehbad ◽  
Reza Moussavi-Harami ◽  
Asadollah Mahboubi
Keyword(s):  
Continental Margin ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Active Continental Margin ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Delta Front ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Nayband Formation ◽  
The Impact

Qadir Member of Nayband Formation, located in East of Central Iran, has developed to a great extent. Investigation of the lithofacies and sedimentary environment, resulted in identification of the deltaic and marine deposits. Based on field evidence and facies features, Qadir Member consists of two lithofacies, including carbonate and siliciclastic facies. The siliciclastic facies were identified as having four sandstone facies including Sr, Sh, Sp, St, three fine-grained lithofacies, including FI, Fm, Fl (Sr) / Sr (FI) and one coal facies. Also, regarding the field, laboratory studies, and identification of lithofacies, the coastal plain, deltaic (including deltaic plain, proximal delta front, distal delta front, and prodelta) and open marine environments were identified for Qadir Member which is is under the impact of tidal currents. The chemical weathering index (71%) indicated semi-arid to semi-humid conditions and plotting the geochemical data showed the provenance of re-cycling and active continental margin and because of Chemical Index of Alteration, the weathering rate was found to be rather medium to high. The geochemical diagrams also showed a probable source of the intermediate igneous and sedimentary rocks. The active continental margin conditions for this deposit could suggest the Neotethys subduction under Iran’s plate and volcanic activity at the end of Triassic, which coincided with the early Cimmerian orogeny in Alborz and Central East Iranian Microcontinent.

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