Environmental Risk/Protective Factors and Biomarkers for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Umbrella Review of the Evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Han Kim ◽  
Jong Yeob Kim ◽  
Jinhee Lee ◽  
Gwang Hun Jeong ◽  
Eun Jig Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Umbrella Review ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Pre-, Peri-, and Post-Natal Risk Factors in ADHD

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Pangajam Ponnuswamy ◽  
Ann Sarah Paul ◽  
Aneesha Brigitte Jose
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Core Symptoms

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly found in childhood with its core symptoms manifesting as inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. As ADHD generates a substantial rate of burden to the society in terms of economic and medical resources used, priority is given to explore the risk factors that contributes towards the multifactorial origin of this disorder to offer possible preventive and therapeutic interventions. With heritability accounting for 75% to 80% of the variability seen in ADHD, the remaining are explained through environmental risk factors that are exposed during critical period of pre-, peri-, and postnatal development. Though literature on the risk factors have been mostly controversial, certain associations have been made with regards to ADHD pathophysiology.

Gene–environment interactions reexamined: Does mother's marital stability interact with the dopamine receptor D2 gene in the etiology of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1117-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin D. Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Gene Environment

AbstractPotential candidate Gene × Environment interactions in the etiology of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are examined between the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2) and putative family environmental risk factors that reflect mothers' marital stability. Specifically, interactions were tested between DRD2 and mothers' marital status, number of marriages or cohabiting relationships, and age at first marriage. Moderate relations were found among the marital stability measures, and mother's marital status and number of marriages or cohabiting relationships (but not age at first marriage) were risk factors for their children's ADHD. All three mother's marital stability variables were associated with either the child's or mother's DRD2 genotypes. Gene × Environment interactions were found for children's ADHD diagnoses between children's DRD2 genotypes and mother's marital status and number of marriages or cohabiting relationships. It is of interest that these interactions were strengthened with the progressive addition of sets of covariates intended to control for alternative causal pathways that represent background genetic and environmental context confounds. The present findings highlight the importance of considering both the nexus of putative environmental risk factors and whether their etiology and effects are truly environmental in future Gene × Environment interaction research.

scholarly journals Risk and Protective Factors for Bullying at 11 Years of Age in a Spanish Birth Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4428
Author(s):  
Izaro Babarro ◽  
Ainara Andiarena ◽  
Eduardo Fano ◽  
Nerea Lertxundi ◽  
Martine Vrijheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

(1) Background: Bullying affects a large number of children worldwide. This study has two objectives, to provide data on the prevalence of bullying in Spain, and to identify risk and protective factors associated with bullying. (2) Methods: Participants were 858 eleven-year-old children. Bullying was assessed using a short version of the Olweus Bully Victim Questionnaire, and the following data were gathered to explore potential predictors: individual (inattention, behavior problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology, traumatic life events), family-related (sociodemographic characteristics, family context, child-parent relations), school-related (school characteristics, peer and social support, school environment) and community-related data. (3) Results: 9.3% of the children were victims, 1.4% bullies and 1.6% bully-victims. Results showed that a higher level of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology increased the risk of victimization, whereas having better relationships with parents and stronger social support were associated with a lower risk of victimization. Children having strong peer relationships and social support was also associated with less risk of perpetrating bullying. Finally, having behavior problems at 8 years of age was associated with being a bully-victim. (4) Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of studying all bullying predictors together, regarding three of the roles children may take in bullying situations.

Environmental Risk Factors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Freitag ◽  
Jobst Meyer ◽  
Andreas Reif ◽  
Michael Rösler ◽  
K. Peter Lesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

scholarly journals Intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorders: A continuum of neurodevelopmental causality

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Shared Genetic

SummaryThere is accumulating evidence for shared genetic as well as environmental risk between intellectual disability and other conditions with a neurodevelopmental basis such as autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy and schizophrenia. These can be conceived as lying along a continuum of genetically and environmentally induced neurodevelopmental causality.

scholarly journals Genotype and neuropsychological response inhibition as resilience promoters for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder under conditions of psychosocial adversity

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Nigg ◽  
Molly Nikolas ◽  
Karen Friderici ◽  
Leeyoung Park ◽  
Robert A. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
The Face ◽  
Psychosocial Adversity

Whereas child personality, IQ, and family factors have been identified as enabling a resilient response to psychosocial adversity, more direct biological resilience factors have been less well delineated. This is particularly so for child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which has received less attention from a resilience perspective than have associated externalizing disorders. Children from two independent samples were classified as resilient if they avoided developing ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or conduct disorder (CD) in the face of family adversity. Two protective factors were examined for their potential relevance to prefrontal brain development: neuropsychological response inhibition, as assessed by the Stop task, and a composite catecholamine genotype risk score. Resilient children were characterized in both samples by more effective response inhibition, although the effect in the second sample was very small. Genotype was measured in Sample 1, and a composite high risk genotype index was developed by summing presence of risk across markers on three genes expressed in prefrontal cortex: dopamine transporter, dopamine D4 receptor, and noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor. Genotype was a reliable resilience indicator against development of ADHD and CD, but not ODD, in the face of psychosocial adversity. Results illustrate potential neurobiological protective factors related to development of prefrontal cortex that may enable children to avoid developing ADHD and CD in the presence of psychosocial adversity.

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