scholarly journals Sleepers Selectively Suppress Informative Inputs During Rapid Eye Movements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Koroma ◽  
Célia Lacaux ◽  
Thomas Andrillon ◽  
Guillaume Legendre ◽  
Damien Léger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements

An implanted electrode for recording both rapid eye movements and muscle tone during sleep

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Yules ◽  
John A. Ogden ◽  
Frederick P. Gault ◽  
Daniel X. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements

Monkey superior colliculus represents rapid eye movements in a two-dimensional motor map

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 965-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hepp ◽  
A. J. Van Opstal ◽  
D. Straumann ◽  
B. J. Hess ◽  
V. Henn
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Vestibular Nystagmus ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements ◽  
Q Model

1. Although the eye has three rotational degrees of freedom, eye positions, during fixations, saccades, and smooth pursuit, with the head stationary and upright, are constrained to a plane by ListingR's law. We investigated whether Listing's law for rapid eye movements is implemented at the level of the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC). 2. In three alert rhesus monkeys we tested whether the saccadic motor map of the SC is two dimensional, representing oculocentric target vectors (the vector or V-model), or three dimensional, representing the coordinates of the rotation of the eye from initial to final position (the quaternion or Q-model). 3. Monkeys made spontaneous saccadic eye movements both in the light and in the dark. They were also rotated about various axes to evoke quick phases of vestibular nystagmus, which have three degrees of freedom. Eye positions were measured in three dimensions with the magnetic search coil technique. 4. While the monkey made spontaneous eye movements, we electrically stimulated the deeper layers of the SC and elicited saccades from a wide range of initial positions. According to the Q-model, the torsional component of eye position after stimulation should be uniquely related to saccade onset position. However, stimulation at 110 sites induced no eye torsion, in line with the prediction of the V-model. 5. Activity of saccade-related burst neurons in the deeper layers of the SC was analyzed during rapid eye movements in three dimensions. No systematic eye-position dependence of the movement fields, as predicted by the Q-model, could be detected for these cells. Instead, the data fitted closely the predictions made by the V-model. 6. In two monkeys, both SC were reversibly inactivated by symmetrical bilateral injections of muscimol. The frequency of spontaneous saccades in the light decreased dramatically. Although the remaining spontaneous saccades were slow, Listing's law was still obeyed, both during fixations and saccadic gaze shifts. In the dark, vestibularly elicited fast phases of nystagmus could still be generated in three dimensions. Although the fastest quick phases of horizontal and vertical nystagmus were slower by about a factor of 1.5, those of torsional quick phases were unaffected. 7. On the basis of the electrical stimulation data and the properties revealed by the movement field analysis, we conclude that the collicular motor map is two dimensional. The reversible inactivation results suggest that the SC is not the site where three-dimensional fast phases of vestibular nystagmus are generated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Quantitative Analysis of Abducens Neuron Discharge Dynamics During Saccadic and Slow Eye Movements

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2612-2632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre A. Sylvestre ◽  
Kathleen E. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Vestibular Nystagmus ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Velocity

The mechanics of the eyeball and its surrounding tissues, which together form the oculomotor plant, have been shown to be the same for smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements. Hence it was postulated that similar signals would be carried by motoneurons during slow and rapid eye movements. In the present study, we directly addressed this proposal by determining which eye movement–based models best describe the discharge dynamics of primate abducens neurons during a variety of eye movement behaviors. We first characterized abducens neuron spike trains, as has been classically done, during fixation and sinusoidal smooth pursuit. We then systematically analyzed the discharge dynamics of abducens neurons during and following saccades, during step-ramp pursuit and during high velocity slow-phase vestibular nystagmus. We found that the commonly utilized first-order description of abducens neuron firing rates (FR = b + kE + rE˙, where FR is firing rate, E and E˙ are eye position and velocity, respectively, and b, k, and r are constants) provided an adequate model of neuronal activity during saccades, smooth pursuit, and slow phase vestibular nystagmus. However, the use of a second-order model, which included an exponentially decaying term or “slide” (FR = b + kE + rE˙ + uË − c[Formula: see text]), notably improved our ability to describe neuronal activity when the eye was moving and also enabled us to model abducens neuron discharges during the postsaccadic interval. We also found that, for a given model, a single set of parameters could not be used to describe neuronal firing rates during both slow and rapid eye movements. Specifically, the eye velocity and position coefficients ( r and k in the above models, respectively) consistently decreased as a function of the mean (and peak) eye velocity that was generated. In contrast, the bias ( b, firing rate when looking straight ahead) invariably increased with eye velocity. Although these trends are likely to reflect, in part, nonlinearities that are intrinsic to the extraocular muscles, we propose that these results can also be explained by considering the time-varying resistance to movement that is generated by the antagonist muscle. We conclude that to create realistic and meaningful models of the neural control of horizontal eye movements, it is essential to consider the activation of the antagonist, as well as agonist motoneuron pools.

scholarly journals Rapid eye movements sleep as a predictor of functional outcome after stroke: a translational study

SLEEP ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Pace ◽  
Millene R Camilo ◽  
Andrea Seiler ◽  
Simone B Duss ◽  
Johannes Mathis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Translational Study ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements

scholarly journals Tachyons but Not Photons Might Generate Conscious Dreams

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Vision ◽  
Human Awareness

We had learnt from cognitive vision that involuntarily visual awareness should be generated by exogenous stimuli; but not indigenous! Given the complexity of understanding the reasons behind the rapid eye movements during vivid dreams; dreams that carry highly bizarre information; dreams that disallow the human subjects to have control over what they see; these types of dreams should be therefore reside under the umbrella of the “involuntary human awareness”. We therefore suggest possibilities of physical particles that could carry the visual information of these extraordinary exogenous stimuli; particles that should be able to invade the human’s eyes while they are closed; particles that have the ability to move the eye rapidly aiming for perfect transformation of the visual information. The present research aims to talk about these particles, proposes scenarios of how human eye & retina deal with them.

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